7 Bioluminescent Bugs That Light Up

Written by Jeremiah Wright
Updated: July 8, 2023
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You’ve probably seen or heard at least once in your lifetime about fireflies – the famous light-emitting insects! They form the Lampyridae family and are sometimes called glowworms or lightning bugs. Fireflies are often found in temperate and tropical climates inhabiting wet, wooded areas.

Fireflies are characterized by a phenomenon called bioluminescence, meaning they produce and emit light. However, they are not the only ones capable of “lighting up.”

Picture graph of 7 Bioluminescent Bugs That Light Up
From worms to beetles to cockroaches, these examples all give off light for defense or to attract a mate.

Let’s take a closer look at these 7 Bioluminescent Bugs, where they live, their colors, and much more!

1. Railroad Worms

Railroad worm

Railroad worms have eleven pairs of luminescent organs.

©Aaron Pomerantz / CC BY 2.0 – License

Railroad worms
Scientific classificationPhrixothix (genus)
DistributionNorth and South America
Emitted colorsYellowish-green and red

Railroad worms get their name from the glowing spots along their body. They look like train car windows illuminated at night.

These worms are the larva or the larviform female adults of the Phrixothrix beetles. Their most distinctive characteristic is that they possess two colors of bioluminescence, meaning they can produce and emit two-colored light.

Railroad worms have eleven pairs of luminescent organs. They are found on their second thoracic segment and emit yellowish-green lights. Another pair is located on their heads and emit a red light. Some sources state that these bugs are the only ones to emit red light, and the color is believed to warn off predators.

2. Click Beetles

Adult Fire Click Beetle

Bioluminescent click beetles form the Pyrophorus genus.

©iStock.com/ViniSouza128

Click Beetles
Scientific classificationPyrophorus (genus)
DistributionTropical, subtropical, and temperate America
Emitted lightsTwo spots on the foremost segment in the thorax; another light is emitted by the ventral abdomen but can be seen only when the insect is flying.

Bioluminescent click beetles form the Pyrophorus genus. The lights they emit are similar to those of fireflies. However, unlike fireflies, these bugs do not flash. Instead, they glow continuously, although they can control the light intensity. The light becomes brighter if they’re threatened or touched by a predator.

So, where does their light come from? The two luminescent spots can be found at the pronotum’s posterior corners (the thorax’s foremost segment). They have another organ that emits a brighter light located on the most-anterior surface of the ventral abdomen. However, the light emitted by this organ can be noticed only if the click beetle is flying.

3. Pyrearinus candelarius

Elateridae - Pyrearinus candelarius

The Pyrearinus candelarius bugs are dark brown insects with large eyes and yellowish-brown pronota.

©Hectonichus / CC BY-SA 3.0 – License

Pyreariunus candelarius
Scientific classificationPart of the Pyrearinus genus in the Elateridae family
DistributionArgentina and Brazil
Emitted lightsGreen and yellow light

The Pyrearinus candelarius bugs are dark brown insects with large eyes and yellowish-brown pronota. They’re black in the middle and feature small teeth that point backward.

These small beetles emit three lights. One is emitted by two luminescent organs located on the prothorax, at the posterior corners. These two spots emit green light. Moreover, the first segment on the abdominal area is luminescent, too, and emits yellow light.

Like the click beetles mentioned above, the Pyrearinus candelarius does not flash its light but glows continuously.

4. Cucubanos

Pyrophorus luminosus

Cucubanos emit three lights that people often label as two “headlights” and one “backlight.”

©Eduard Solà / CC BY 3.0 – License

Cucubanos
Scientific nameIgnelater luminosus
Native toPuerto Rico
Emitted lightsEmit light from the thorax

People often confuse cucubanos with fireflies. However, fireflies are in the Lampyridae family, while cucubanos are part of the Elateridae family of elaters. They are native to the island of Puerto Rico and are mostly found on the outskirts of Adjuntas. They are small insects, measuring around 1 inch in length, and are famous for their ability to emit light from the thorax. 

Cucubanos emit three lights that people often label as two “headlights” and one “backlight.” They can turn these lights on and off independently.

A study shows that these bugs use their light signals to identify potential mating partners.

5. Lucihormetica luckae

Lucihormetica luckae
Lucihormetica luckae

carapace emits two large lights and one small light, the three being yellowish-green.

©Peter Vršanský and Dušan Chorvát / CC BY-SA 3.0 – License

Lucihormetica luckae
Scientific classificationIt is part of the Lucihormetica genus of the Blaberidae family
DistributionEcuador
Emitted lightsYellowish-green

Lucihormetica luckae are giant cockroaches living in Ecuador! Their carapace emits two large lights and one small light, the three being yellowish-green. These spots glow when exposed to light, a phenomenon called autofluorescence. The cockroaches have been previously thought to have bioluminescence characteristics, although there isn’t enough evidence to prove this.

Unfortunately, there’s little to no possibility for you to see a Lucihormetica luckae, as they may have gone extinct. Only one cockroach specimen was collected 70 years ago. It is believed that they may have disappeared when their natural habitat, the Ecuadorian volcano Tungurahua, entered its 1999 eruptive phase.

6. Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles

Metallic Wood-Boring Beetle (Buprestis consularis) on plant bark with wings open in Houston, TX.

Metallic wood-boring beetles are known for their glossy iridescent colors.

©iStock.com/Brett_Hondow

Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles
Scientific classificationBuprestidae (family)
DistributionGlobally
Unique featurePossess iridescent colors

While metallic wood-boring beetles aren’t bioluminescent, they are known for their glossy iridescent colors. What does this mean? Iridescence is a phenomenon in which surfaces change colors depending on the angle of view. So, these bugs appear to have one color if you look from above and another from a different angle.

The iridescent colors are caused by structural coloration. In short, their bodies reflect specific frequencies of light. If you’ve ever looked at a compact disc changing colors, this is the same effect.

7. Soldier Beetles

Red Soldier Beetle

Soldier beetles are soft-bodied insects in the

Cantharidae

family.

©Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH/Shutterstock.com

Soldier Beetles
Scientific classificationCantharidae (family)
DistributionGlobally
Unique featureAre similar to many firefly species

Soldier beetles are soft-bodied insects in the Cantharidae family. They are sometimes called leatherwings because their wings have a leather-like texture. While these bugs aren’t bioluminescent, they are often mistaken for fireflies, the most famous light-emitting insects!

Soldier beetles are known for their heads mimicking a firefly’s colors. Even the soldier beetle’s thorax is similar to that of many firefly species.

Adult bugs feed on nectar, pollen, and other smaller insects, while their larvae feed on snails and other small ground creatures.

Summary of 7 Bioluminescent bugs That Light Up

NameLocationUnique Feature
Railroad WormsNorth & South AmericaYellowish-green and red light.
Click BeetlesTropical, subtropical, and temperate America.Two lights on the thorax; another on the ventral abdomen.
Pyrearinus candelariusArgentina & BrazilGreen and yellow light.
CucubanosPuerto RicoLight from the thorax.
Lucihormetica luckaeEcuadorYellowish-green light.
Metallic Wood-boring BeetlesGloballyIridescent colors.
Soldier BeetlesGloballySimilar to many firefly species.

The photo featured at the top of this post is © Petr Muckstein/Shutterstock.com


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About the Author

I hold seven years of professional experience in the content world, focusing on nature, and wildlife. Asides from writing, I enjoy surfing the internet and listening to music.

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Sources
  1. Firefly, Available here: https://www.firefly.org/bioluminescent-insects.html
  2. National Geographic, Available here: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/120830-glowing-cockroaches-bugs-science-animals
  3. Wikipedia, Available here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucihormetica_luckae