Types of Worms in Dogs

Uncovering various types of worms in our canine companions might be distressing, but it’s essential to comprehend the dangers, signs, and remedies for these unwelcome guests. As conscientious pet owners, we must recognize that untreated worms can lead to severe health issues. They can harm our beloved pets, spread them to other dogs and even humans through contact with infected soil or feces.

Below, we’ll delve into the five primary types of worms that frequently affect our domestic dogs: tapeworms, roundworms, whipworms, hookworms, and heartworms. Equip yourself with knowledge and safeguard your dog by learning all the vital information about worms in dogs.

1. Roundworms

Roundworms rank as the most prevalent parasitic infection in dogs, especially puppies. In fact, studies indicate that 20% of adult dogs and a staggering 99% of puppies carry roundworms. Dogs can contract these parasites by consuming an infected animal, ingesting roundworm eggs, or through transmission from mother to her unborn puppies or during nursing.

Toxocara Canis and Toxascaris leonina, dogs’ most widespread intestinal parasites, reside in their host’s intestinal tracts. Adult roundworms are round, white to light brown, and several inches long—resembling spaghetti or angel hair pasta. They feed on the host’s food supply.

Adult dogs usually acquire roundworms by ingesting their larvae from soil or infected prey like mice or other small mammals. On the other hand, puppies inherit roundworms from their mother’s uterus during gestation or ingest roundworm larvae in their mother’s milk.

Once inside the dog, larvae reach the liver, eventually reaching the lungs as they mature into adult worms. Dogs then cough up the worms and swallow them, allowing the adult roundworms to settle in their intestines. The worms’ eggs are excreted in the dog’s stool, developing into larvae and continuing the life cycle when another host consumes them.

Signs

Signs of roundworm infection in dogs vary. Some dogs don’t display any symptoms initially. However, as the infection progresses, you may notice the following signs:

• Diarrhea
• Coughing (dogs may cough up or vomit worms)
• Dull hair coat
• Pot-bellied appearance
• Weight loss
• Vomiting

You must monitor your dog for these symptoms and consult a veterinarian if you suspect a roundworm infection.

Diagnosis

To diagnose dog roundworms, your veterinarian will perform a lab test called fecal flotation using a stool sample from your pet. If adult roundworms inhabit the dog’s small intestine, their eggs will be visible under a microscope in the stool sample. This test helps the veterinarian confirm the presence of roundworms and determine the appropriate treatment.

Treatment

The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) advocates for year-round, monthly preventives against roundworms for all dogs. Addressing roundworms in dogs necessitates administering multiple oral doses of deworming medication. As deworming focuses solely on worms present in the intestinal tract, it’s vital to apply repeated doses to eradicate newly emerging adult worms. 

Puppies, who are more prone to these types of worms, usually receive standard deworming procedures during their initial vaccination series, irrespective of the microscopic detection of eggs. 

It’s important to note that not all over-the-counter dewormers prove effective; it’s recommended to consult your veterinarian for the most appropriate medication. Furthermore, certain heartworm prevention medications provide an additional defense against roundworms.

Zoonosis

Zoonosis of roundworms in dogs poses a health risk to humans. Infection occurs through contact with contaminated soil. This can lead to a serious condition called Visceral Larva Migrans. Wearing gloves when handling soil is essential. This is especially true if dog feces are present. Children have a higher risk of contracting roundworms. Proper hygiene practices are crucial for prevention.

2. Whipworms

Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) are a prevalent intestinal parasite in dogs. These types of worms reside in the large intestine, latching onto the tissue and burrowing their heads inside. Similar to hookworms, whipworms feed on the host’s blood for nourishment.

These parasites are even smaller than roundworms and seldom visible in the stool. Whipworms have a unique appearance, with one end of the body being broad while the other tapers into a narrow, whip-like head, giving them their name.

Dogs contract whipworms by ingesting their eggs found in soil, often through self-grooming. Once consumed, the whipworm eggs travel through the upper gastrointestinal tract, hatching into larvae in the small intestine. Subsequently, these larvae migrate to the cecum or large intestine, maturing into adult whipworms.

The whipworm life cycle continues when their eggs are excreted in the dog’s stool. Remarkably, these eggs can lie dormant in the soil for years until ingested by a new host. The cycle repeats upon consumption, perpetuating these intestinal parasites’ spread.

Signs

Whipworms in dogs can display various symptoms. It’s essential to recognize these signs to ensure timely treatment. Initially, signs of infection may not be apparent. As the infection progresses, you may observe:

• Bloody diarrhea typically develops as the infection worsens.
• In severe cases, chronic bloody diarrhea may occur.
• Anemia is possible but less common compared to hookworm infections.
• A significant electrolyte imbalance can result from severe whipworm infections.

By identifying these symptoms, you can seek veterinary care promptly and help your dog recover from a whipworm infection.

Diagnosis

Spotting whipworms in dogs isn’t easy, as they don’t lay eggs constantly like roundworms and hookworms. To diagnose, your vet will perform a fecal flotation test, similar to the process for roundworms and hookworms. However, even if adult whipworms reside in the small intestine, their eggs might not be visible under the microscope.

A negative result doesn’t necessarily mean your dog is whipworm-free. Your vet may advise multiple fecal tests since these tricky parasites can evade detection. Doing so increases the chances of identifying a whipworm infection and ensuring your dog receives proper treatment.

Treatment

Treating whipworms in dogs closely resembles the approach for roundworms and hookworms. Your vet will administer several doses of a specific deworming medication. Over-the-counter options won’t work, so rely on your veterinarian for the correct treatment.

Due to whipworms’ lengthy life cycle, treatment often repeats months later. It’s worth noting that some heartworm prevention methods also safeguard against whipworms, offering an additional layer of protection for your furry friend.

Zoonosis

Thankfully, the whipworm species affecting dogs rarely transmit to humans. Still, taking precautions is crucial, steer clear of dog feces and tainted soil. Being vigilant reduces the risk of zoonotic transmission and protects you and your furry friend.

3. Hookworms

Hookworms, specifically Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense, are common dog parasites. These tiny worms latch onto the intestinal lining with their sharp teeth, feeding on the host’s blood. Unlike roundworms, you won’t typically spot hookworms in your dog’s stool or vomit.

Dogs often contract hookworms from contact with infected soil containing larvae. The larvae can penetrate the skin or paw pads when a dog lies on the ground. Alternatively, dogs may ingest the larvae after touching contaminated soil, usually during grooming. Like with roundworms, puppies can get hookworms through their mother’s milk.

Many hookworm larvae mature into adults within the small intestine. However, some travel to the lungs, where they’re coughed up and swallowed by the dog, similar to roundworms. 

Adult hookworms reside and reproduce in the dog’s small intestine, releasing eggs that exit through the stool. Once these eggs hatch into larvae, they inhabit the soil, and the life cycle continues.

Signs

Dogs with hookworms may exhibit various symptoms. Check out for these signs:

• Pale mucous membranes
• Weakness (resulting from anemia)
• Diarrhea and/or weight loss

Note that many dogs initially display no signs of infection. However, be aware that hookworms can be extremely harmful to young puppies due to the potential for significant blood loss. Stay alert for these symptoms to ensure your dog remains healthy and safe.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made after obtaining a stool sample and doing a fecal flotation lab test. If the small intestine contains mature hookworms, it’s possible to see the eggs under a microscope.

Treatment

Treating hookworms in dogs resembles roundworm treatment. Deworming medication is administered through multiple oral doses. Remember, this dewormer only targets worms within the intestinal tract.

The same dewormer given during puppy vaccinations tackles hookworms too. However, not all over-the-counter dewormers work effectively. Therefore, consult your veterinarian for the best medication.

Bear in mind that some heartworm prevention methods also safeguard against hookworms. Always seek professional advice to ensure your dog’s optimal health and protection.

Zoonosis

Humans can contract hookworms by touching contaminated soil. Their larvae may penetrate the skin, causing Cutaneous Larva Migrans, a minor yet uncomfortable condition.

Avoid walking barefoot in areas where pets might have defecated, including beaches. Always wear gloves when handling soil, particularly if it has been in contact with dog feces.

Ensure children don’t play or sit in areas where pets may have once defecated. Prioritize safety and hygiene to prevent the spread of hookworms.

4. Tapeworms

Tapeworms, specifically Dipylidium caninum, are common intestinal parasites in dogs. These worms are long and flat, resembling tape, and attach to the host’s small intestine. The tapeworm’s body spans several inches and comprises multiple segments, each with its own reproductive tract.

Dogs contract tapeworms by ingesting fleas that carry the parasite. Flea larvae hatch from eggs, feeding on surrounding debris and tapeworm eggs if present. As the flea larvae mature into adults, the tapeworm eggs develop within them. Adult fleas then jump onto a host, such as a dog or a cat, causing itching and discomfort.

The tapeworm is released into the host when the pet chews itself and swallows the adult flea. The young tapeworm latches onto the small intestine, growing into segments over time. Eventually, the end segments containing egg sacs detach and exit the host’s rectum into the environment. These segments, similar in appearance to grains of rice or sesame seeds, break open to release tapeworm eggs. If flea eggs are also present, the life cycle repeats, meaning tapeworms spread between pets solely through fleas.

Signs

Spotting tapeworms in dogs can be challenging, as signs are often subtle. However, there are a few indicators to watch for:

• Rice-like segments around the pet’s anus
• Similar segments in the dog’s stool

Thankfully, tapeworms typically don’t harm dogs. Instead, they’re mostly viewed as cosmetic and cleanliness issues.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing tapeworms in dogs usually occurs when the owner or a veterinarian spots flat, rice-like segments. Tapeworm eggs are seldom visible under a microscope during fecal flotation tests. Thus, visual identification is key in diagnosing tapeworm infestations.

Treatment

Addressing tapeworms in dogs entails administering one or more doses of specialized deworming medication. Common over-the-counter dewormers don’t work, so seek your veterinarian’s guidance for the correct treatment. As fleas spread tapeworms, eradicating them is crucial to prevent re-infection.

You may need to repeat deworming while managing flea control. To protect your pet, experts recommend using monthly flea prevention measures.

Zoonosis

Luckily, the tapeworm species affecting dogs isn’t directly transferable to humans. Nonetheless, humans can technically contract tapeworm infection by accidentally ingesting a flea.

It’s worth noting that another tapeworm type, Taenia, can infest pets after they consume an intermediate host like a rabbit or mouse. This less common infection typically doesn’t harm the host, and the medication used to eliminate Dipylidium caninum also eradicates Taenia.

5. Heartworms

Heartworms rank among the most dangerous parasites in dogs. Through mosquito bites, heartworm larvae journey through the dog’s body. They eventually reach the lungs’ blood vessels and mature into adults.

These growing worms impair the heart’s ability to pump and harm blood vessels. Consequently, heart and lung diseases may develop. 

If untreated, heartworm infections can be lethal. Treatment is often lengthy and difficult, with possible fatal outcomes. Regular heartworm prevention is a safer choice for you and your dog.

Signs

Identifying heartworms in dogs early is crucial. Watch for these telltale signs to ensure your dog’s health. Keep in mind that some dogs might not show any symptoms.

• Shortness of breath: An infected dog may struggle to catch its breath.
• Low energy: Dogs with heartworms often become less active and tire easily.
• Coughing: A persistent cough can indicate the presence of heartworms.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing heartworms in dogs requires vigilance. Early detection is vital for effective treatment. Turn to your veterinarian for expert advice and testing.

Blood tests play a key role in diagnosing heartworms. Vets perform these tests to detect heartworm proteins. This helps confirm the presence of adult worms in your dog’s system. Additionally, vets may use imaging techniques like X-rays or ultrasounds. These tools provide insight into the severity of the infection. 

Treatment

Treating heartworms in dogs is a delicate process. Early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. Consult your veterinarian for the best course of action.

The treatment typically involves medication to kill adult heartworms. This process requires multiple injections over some time. It’s crucial to follow your vet’s recommendations closely.

During recovery, limit your dog’s physical activity. Reduced exercise helps prevent complications from the dying worms. Adhering to treatment guidelines gives your dog the best chance to recover fully.

Zoonosis

Fortunately, heartworms in dogs are not considered a zoonotic disease. Your safety remains uncompromised while caring for an infected dog.

However, it’s essential to protect your dog from heartworms. Regular prevention methods safeguard your pet’s health. Consult your veterinarian for the most suitable preventative measures.

Remember, a healthy dog contributes to a healthy home. Keeping your furry friend free of heartworms ensures a safe and happy environment for everyone.

Unraveling the Tangle: Safeguarding Our Dogs from Worms

As we’ve explored, various types of worms can affect our beloved dogs, including roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and whipworms. Each worm presents its own set of challenges and potential health risks to our canine companions. 

Understanding the signs and symptoms of these parasites means better protection for our pets. This ensures their long-lasting health and happiness. Consulting with a veterinarian for appropriate diagnosis and treatment options is also crucial. 

In the end, staying informed about the different types of worms in dogs empowers us as responsible pet owners to safeguard against these unwelcome intruders. It also helps nurture a thriving bond with our furry friends.

The photo featured at the top of this post is © iStock.com/Michael Edwards