Flycatcher

Are you confused about exactly which birds qualify as flycatchers? You aren’t alone. Most flycatchers are part of two main families, the Muscicapidae, or Old-World flycatchers, and the Tyrannidae, or tyrant flycatchers. But there are flycatchers in several other families, and scientists are frequently shuffling species from one family or subfamily to another based on new research. With over 400 species in the Tyrannidae family and more than 350 in the Muscicapidae family, flycatchers represent one of the most numerous and diverse groups of birds.

Incredible Flycatcher Facts

• The Tyrannidae family of flycatchers is the largest family of birds by number of species, with over 400 recognized species.
• The Old-World flycatchers of the Muscicapidae family are almost as numerous in species.
• Many other families of birds include species known as flycatchers.
• Flycatchers eat a variety of foods, including insects, seeds, berries, fruits, and even small animals.
• Flycatchers have one rear-facing toe and three forward-facing toes.
• Flycatchers come in a rainbow of colors and patterns, but most are somewhat drab.
• Many flycatchers conceal hidden colors, especially on their crowns, that can be flashed in mating displays or as a means of defense.

Where to Find Flycatchers

Flycatchers are found throughout most of the world. Most Old World flycatchers are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Tyrant flycatchers live in North and South America. Monarch flycatchers live across Australia, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Silky-flycatchers are natives of Central America. Flycatchers migrate or live out their lives just about everywhere, from northern regions to the southernmost parts of South America.

Classification and Scientific Name

Why would scientists move a bird out of a family it has been in for perhaps a hundred years or more? It is important to remember that scientific knowledge evolves as we make new discoveries. Most birds were originally classified by naturalists, zoologists, and ornithologists, using observable physical characteristics. As scientists began to understand DNA, molecular biologists such as Charles Sibley joined the effort to correctly map the phylogeny of birds based on data that had never been available before.

Today, the majority of birds known as flycatchers fall into two families. The Old World flycatchers make up the family Muscicapidae. These include birds from Europe, Africa, and Asia, with just a few exceptions. The tyrant flycatchers, or Tyrannidae family, live primarily in North and South America.

Some birds have recently been separated into different or even entirely new families based on DNA. These include members of the Tityridae family of South America, and the diverse flycatchers of the Monarchidae family, which range over Africa, Australia, and Southeast Asia. The family Ptilogonatidae includes the Central American silky flycatchers. The Erythrocercidae and Stenostiridae families include flycatchers native to Africa, and the Petroicidae family includes several Australasian flycatchers now known to be unrelated to either the Monarchidae or Muscicapidae species.    

Appearance

With a category of birds that encompasses multiple families and hundreds of species, the appearance of flycatchers varies greatly. Generally, flycatchers are relatively small, perching birds. They typically have strong and pointed beaks. As Passeriformes, flycatchers have some distinguishing characteristics, including similar wing and leg musculature, and feet with one rear-facing and three forward-facing toes.

Flycatchers vary significantly in size. The short-tailed pygmy tyrant, Myiornis ecaudatus, is the smallest member of the Tyrannidae family. It weighs just 0.15 ounces and averages 2.6 inches in length. That’s smaller than a lot of hummingbirds! The largest member of the same family is the giant shrike-tyrant, Agriornis lividus, which reaches a length of 11 inches and a whopping 3.5 ounces. It only lives in far southwestern South America. The great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus, inhabits most of South America, all the way to southern Texas.

The scissor-tailed flycatcher and the fork-tailed flycatcher are two of the longest flycatchers. The scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus, reaches approximately 15 inches with much of that length dedicated to its long tail feathers. It is outdone just slightly by the fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana, which can reach 16 inches in length with its tail measuring up to three times the length of the rest of its body.

Coloration

Flycatchers feature a wide variety of colors. Most are neutral tones, including grays, browns, and greens. But some are brightly colored, including the vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus obscurus, which is red and black, and the pale blue flycatcher, Cyornis unicolor, of southeast Asia.

Some flycatchers are clearly sexually dimorphic, like the silky flycatcher, Phainopepla nitens, of the southwest United States and Mexico. Males of this species are completely black, whereas females are silvery gray. Other species, like the eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus, appear very similar except for slight differences in size.   

Behavior

Some flycatchers migrate great distances while others stick close to one area their whole lives. They build a variety of types of nests and eat many types of food. Some flycatchers live out in the open, while others prefer to live deep in the woods. Some have a whole repertoire of songs that they sing at different times of day and in different situations, while others barely sing at all. Several flycatchers are extremely aggressive toward other birds or even members of their own species. Others tend to avoid conflict and stay out of sight as much as they can. With so many different species recognized as flycatchers, their behavior is just about as variable as you can imagine. They do, for the most part, perch on limbs, wires, fences, or posts, and catch their prey, at least some of the time, in midair.

Diet

As the name would imply, most flycatchers eat insects. Flying insects make up a large part of their diet, but not all. Most will also capture insects and other invertebrates from the ground or other surfaces. Some of the larger flycatchers also prey on small animals like frogs, rodents, bats, and even fish. Many of the birds eat a variety of seeds, berries, and fruits, especially during the winter.

Reproduction

Courtship displays are common among flycatchers, which often utilize their agile flying skills to woo a mate. Many of the birds, such as the Amazonian royal flycatcher, appear somewhat drab until they flash a concealed and colorful crest. Many flycatchers are monogamous and may mate for life or just a season, while others may mate outside the pair.

Predators

Of course, predators may vary based on the specific species and its habitat and range, but a few of the predators most adult flycatchers have in common include domestic cats and birds of prey such as owls and hawks. Birds like crows and blue jays often prey on flycatchers in the nest, and other common nest predators include squirrels and snakes.  

Lifespan

The average lifespan of flycatchers is as variable as other traits. Some live as little as a single year on average, while others can live longer than a decade. Lifespan depends on where the species lives, what kinds of predators it faces, and whether other risk factors are at play. Flycatchers can easily be affected by habitat loss, especially if they migrate. They can also suffer if their habitat is very small and vulnerable to extreme weather or fires. Pesticides are a particular danger, as the chemicals that affect insects can also poison the birds that eat them. Most flycatchers have relatively stable populations, but some, such as the southwestern willow flycatcher, are endangered.