Common Grackle

The common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) is a large blackbird native to North America, where it lives as a resident or short-term migrant in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. This species inhabits open country areas like groves, farmlands, and woodland edges. These gregarious birds are highly social and loud, chattering to one another as they perch atop trees and power lines. Discover all there is to know about the common grackle, including where it lives, what it eats, and how it behaves.

5 Amazing Common Grackle Facts

• Common grackles are a pest species that damage crops and spread disease.
• Despite their impressive population size, they are a near-threatened species due to human population control efforts.
• They nest with other bird species, and their wintering flocks can grow to one million individuals.
• These birds are bullies at bird feeders, pushing smaller birds out of the way to eat their fill.
• They can fly up to 39 mph.

Where to Find the Common Grackle

Common grackles live in North America in five countries, including Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. This bird is a permanent resident in most of its range, but the northern populations migrate to the southern US during winter. These grackles prefer open to semi-open country areas, such as farmlands, groves, woodland edges, marshes, agricultural fields, suburbs, pastures, and towns. Look for them in large mixed-species flocks, foraging on the ground or in shallow water. You may hear these raucous birds before you see them. 

Common Grackle Nest

Grackles nest in communities from 10 pairs up to 100 or more. They nest in areas with dense trees near open spaces, such as parks, woodland edges, and groves. Females build a bulky, open cup nest made with twigs, mud, and grass, lined with fine grass. She hides it in vegetation near water, around 20 feet above the ground.

Scientific Name

The common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) is from the Passeriformes order in the Icteridae family, encompassing New World blackbirds. The Quiscalus genus contains seven of the eleven grackle species. The common grackle has three recognized subspecies: Florida (Q. q. quiscula), the purple (Q. q. stonei), and the bronzed grackle (Q. q. versicolor). 

Size, Appearance, & Behavior

The common grackle is a New World blackbird, measuring 11 to 13 inches and weighing 2.6 to 5 ounces, with a 14 to 18-inch wingspan. They have long bills, long tails, bright golden eyes, and flat heads. Adults have glossy purple heads, and their bodies have a bronze sheen. Females are smaller, have shorter tails, and are less iridescent in color. Juveniles are browner with dark eyes. 

Grackles are highly social, congregating in large flocks to nest, forage, and fly. They may nest with other bird species, and their wintering flocks can grow to over one million individuals. These birds are also known for being loud, often clucking, screeching, and chattering with each other as they sit atop trees and power lines. These blackbirds are known to be bullies as they push other species out of the way while feeding at bird feeders. Outside their courtship aerial displays, grackles fly in a straight path with stiff wingbeats, reaching speeds up to 39 mph.

Migration Pattern and Timing

The common grackle is a resident to short-term migrant in its range. They live year-round in the southeastern half of the United States. But populations that breed in the Northern US and Canada migrate to the Central and Southern US during the winter, occasionally reaching Mexico and the Bahamas.

Diet

Common grackles are omnivores who forage on the ground or in shallow water.

What Does the Common Grackle Eat?

They primarily eat insects but will also consume small fish, rodents, frogs, lizards, eggs, and the young of other birds. Their insect diet includes beetles, grasshoppers, caterpillars, spiders, millipedes, and worms. They supplement their diet in winter with berries, seeds, grains, and acorns. The common grackle forages on the ground, in shallow water, or in shrubs and trees. They feed in flocks and occasionally steal food and eggs from other birds. You may also see this species at backyard feeders. 

Predators, Threats, and Conservation Status

The IUCN lists the common grackle as NT or “near threatened.” This species is undergoing a continuous decline in its population. However, the reduction seems to be slowing, and their population is more extensive than previously suspected, so the status is precautionarily listed as near threatened. The common grackle is a significant pest species due to its propensity for damaging grains, seeds, and fruit. It also spreads the fatal human respiratory disease histoplasmosis. Consequently, this grackle is the subject of population control and other deterrent measures. 

What Eats the Common Grackle?

Grackle predators include domestic cats, raccoons, hawks, and owls. Squirrels and snakes are their primary nest predators that steal and eat their eggs and young. Males stand guard at their nests, and both sexes actively defend their site by mobbing, chasing, or diving at intruders.

Reproduction, Young, and Molting

Common grackles are typically monogamous and form breeding pairs in the spring. Courtship involves singing, posturing, and flight displays. Females lay an average of four to five pale blue eggs with brown blotches. Only the females incubate the eggs for 12 to 14 days, but both parents feed the nestlings (mainly insects). The young fledge the nest 16 to 20 days after hatching and reach sexual maturity at around one year. They have an average lifespan of 5.6 years, but can live up to 23 years in the wild.

Population

The global population of the common grackle is estimated to number 69 million mature individuals. Despite its significant population, this species has undergone over a 60% decrease in North America over the last 40 years. However, researchers do not suspect future declines in this bird. The primary reason for the decline is due to population control efforts.