Indian Rhinoceros

Quick Take

• Once teetering on the edge of total extinction, the Indian rhino's comeback story has a twist that challenges how we define conservation success. See the population comeback →
• A single Renaissance woodcut of an Indian rhino was called 'the most influential animal picture ever,' and the story behind it is stranger than you'd expect. Discover Dürer's woodcut story →
• Rhinos didn't originate in Africa or Asia, and their true birthplace will surprise you. Trace their true origins →
• The method used to count Indian rhinos in the wild is as unusual as the animal itself. See how rhinos are counted →

The Indian rhinoceros (also known as the greater one-horned rhinoceros and the Asian one-horned rhinoceros) is a species of rhinoceros native to parts of India and Nepal.

Although the Indian rhinoceros is still under threat today, its numbers have rebounded to the point that it’s no longer endangered.

Incredible Indian Rhino Facts

• Once numbering fewer than 100 individuals, today the greater one-horned rhinoceros has seen its population rebound to the point that it’s no longer endangered but is listed as ‘Vulnerable.’
• Also known as the greater one-horned rhinoceros, the Indian rhino is the largest rhinoceros species in Asia and the second largest overall, with adult males typically weighing around 2,200 kg (4,800 lbs).
• The Indian rhino was brought to Europe during the Renaissance in 1515. The woodcut artwork of the animal was mass-produced across Europe and has been hailed as “the most influential animal picture ever.”

Evolution and Origins

Rhinos first emerged in North America approximately 40 to 48 million years ago, and they were widespread in Florida until their extinction around 5 million years ago; the fossil remains of the extinct Floridaceras whitei have been found in both Florida and Panama.

Hyrachyus, found across Eocene Europe, Asia, and North America and likely originating in Eurasia, is among the earliest recorded mammals ancestral to the rhinoceros; this small creature resembled early tapirs and horses but did not possess a horn.

Approximately 55 to 60 million years ago, the rhinoceros family branched off from the tapir family, leading to the evolution of more than a hundred species that spread across different regions of the world, but only nine of them managed to survive until the Late Pleistocene era, which occurred between 14,000 and 12,000 years ago.

Classification and Scientific Name

The scientific name for the Indian rhinoceros is Rhinoceros unicornis. The genus Rhinoceros is Greek for ‘nose’ and ‘horn’ and comprises the two species of one-horned rhinos, the Indian and Javan rhinoceros. Unicornis is Latin and means one-horned.

Appearance

The Indian rhino is the second-largest rhinoceros species after the white rhino, weighing 2,200 to 3,000 kg (4,900 to 6,600 lbs). At the shoulder, it stands 1.7 to 2 meters (5.6 to 6.6 ft) tall.

All rhino species have thick skin that forms a natural “armor” across their bodies, but the skin of the Indian rhinoceros has a unique appearance in which flexible skin folds give the look of armor plates across its body.

In addition, the Indian rhino has distinctive bumps that can cover its legs, shoulders, and hindquarters.

Habitat

Historically, the Indian rhinoceros had a vast range across northern India, but today that range has been drastically reduced due to excessive hunting. The Indian rhinoceros is now confined to the tall grasslands and forests that surround the Himalayan mountain range.

Grasslands the Indian rhino lives in include the Terai-Duar grasslands, which are among the tallest in the world. The region’s ‘elephant grass’ can reach up to 13 ft (4 m), tall enough to provide cover even for a species of the Indian rhino’s size.

Population: How Many of Them Are Left?

It’s estimated that fewer than 100 Indian rhinos were left at the beginning of the 20th century. Across the 20th century, populations rebounded, and as of 2019, an estimated 3,600 individuals live in the wild.

The rebound in Indian rhino populations has been strong enough that, as of 2008, the species is no longer listed as Endangered. Instead, Indian rhinos are listed as Vulnerable despite having a lower population than the Critically Endangered black rhinoceros.

Despite its increasing population, Indian rhinos continue to face several threats. For example, the majority of Indian rhinos — 2,413 individuals as of 2018 — live in India’s Kaziranga National Park. This concentration means a disease could take a significant toll on the population.

Diet

The Indian rhino lives across a fertile plain that has abundant tall grass it consumes for the majority of its diet. Indian rhinos are herbivorous animals, and in addition to grass, they will also browse the densely vegetated subtropical forest for leaves, flowers, buds, fruits, berries, and roots, which they dig up from the ground using their horns.

Predators

Due to its large size, the Indian rhino’s only real predators in the wild are large wild cats such as tigers that will prey on the Indian rhino calves and weak individuals. Humans are the biggest threat to the Indian rhinoceros, as they have been hunted to the brink of extinction for their horns.

Reproduction and Life Cycles

The Indian rhinoceros is a solitary animal and only comes together with other Indian rhinos to mate. The female Indian rhinoceros gives birth to a single calf after a gestation period that is over a year long (about 15 to 16 months). The Indian rhinoceros calf remains with its mother until it is at least 2 years old and big enough to become independent.

Zoos

As of 2018, 67 zoos were home to 182 Indian rhinos. In total, there are 1,037 rhinos of various species across the world’s zoos.

• Zoo Miami: Welcomed a new Indian rhino calf on May 1, 2019.
• Cincinnati: Once home to the Sumatran rhino, today the Cincinnati Zoo houses an Indian rhino named ‘Manjula.’
• San Diego Safari Park: Welcomed an Indian rhino calf to its Savanna field exhibit in August 2019.

Indian Rhino Facts

• Dürer’s Rhinoceros
  • In 1515, an Indian rhinoceros was sent to the King of Portugal in Lisbon. The exotic animal was shocking at the time, and a woodcut created by a German artist went on to be mass-produced across Europe. Unfortunately, the Indian rhino soon thereafter drowned when a boat bringing it to the Pope was lost at sea.

• How do you count Indian rhinos? On the backs of elephants!
  • Two-thirds of Indian rhinos live in Kaziranga National Park. Every three years, a census is conducted to see if the population of Indian rhinos in this vital park continues to grow. To count the rhinos, officials rode 40 elephants in addition to sports vehicles.

• Poaching remains a threat, but…
  • While poaching remains a threat, in 2015, Kaziranga National Park guards shot dead more would-be poachers than rhinos were poached. The relative protection from poaching is one of the reasons Indian rhinos are no longer listed as Endangered.