Assassin Bug

Assassin bugs are known for their impressive quick strike ability.

The assassin bug is a large family that includes more than 7,000 species. The name comes from highly predatory and stealthy behavior. While they do have the ability to deliver a painful bite, most species are actually beneficial to people, because they consume crop pests, but a few of them are bloodsuckers that prey on humans. These blood-sucking bugs should be dealt with as soon as possible.

Assassin Bug vs. Kissing Bug

The kissing bug is considered to be a specific type of assassin bug. They suck blood around the eyes or mouths of their victims. There are actually a few different species that can be called kissing bugs, many of which live in the Americas but some throughout the rest of the world as well.

Species, Types, and Scientific Name

The scientific name is Reduviidae. This is derived from the Latin word reduvia, meaning hangnail or remnant. It may refer to the ridges or rings that project from the abdomen. There are dozens of different genera containing some 7,000 species, all with different appearances and behaviors. Together they belong to the order of “true bugs” (scientific name Hemiptera).

Appearance

The assassin bug comes in a huge variety of different shapes and colors, which can make identification difficult, but most species are generally characterized by a long, flat body, plus a pair of wings and slender legs, all separated from the head by a very narrow neck. The curved beak (also sometimes called a proboscis) is so long that it fits into a groove between the front legs. Some species come in all manner of bright colors, including red, orange, and green, but many are black or gray. They can range dramatically in size (for an insect, at least), from just 0.2 inches to 1.6 inches. The largest species in North America is the wheel bug, so-named because of the cog-like crests on the thorax.

Assassin bugs nymphs basically resemble wingless adults (nymph is the preferred term over larvae, which undergo metamorphosis instead). These nymphs grow progressively larger with each molt, also known as an instar. After a certain number of molts, they will reach their adult phase. This resemblance to the adults should make identification easier.

Habitat

Assassin bugs are found all over the world except for the most extreme climates. Their most common locations include fields, gardens, and grasslands where other insects reside. Some species are adapted for specific plants or areas. For example, the milkweed assassin bug tends to prefer the milkweed plant where its prey is found.

Diet

Assassin bugs come into two different types: the carnivorous ambush predators and the blood-sucking ectoparasites. The former insects, which represent the greatest number of species, will pierce their prey with a beak and suck out the body fluids. The latter, though far fewer in number, includes the kissing bug, which can bite people around the lips and eyes as they sleep.

What eats the them?

Assassin bugs are preyed upon by a wide variety of different birds, frogs, lizards, snakes, and small mammals. In order to defend themselves, they can deliver a very painful bite that may be aggravated by venom or digestive fluids within their saliva. To discourage predators, they can rub their proboscis against their bodies to make aggressive warning sounds.

What do they eat?

The predatory assassin bugs has a diverse diet of many different insects, including their eggs, larvae, and adult phases. Flies, leafhoppers, millipedes, and ants are some of their most common prey. Because of the digestive chemicals in their saliva, which can break down tissue, they can feed on insects much larger than themselves. Some species have the ability to coat their legs with sticky plant resin and capture insects like bees from the air. Another species will pluck the strings on a spider web to mimic the flailing a trapped insect; this will attract the spider for the bug to consume. The feather-legged bug has a special growth on the abdomen that releases a substance to attract and then paralyze ants. The leafhopper assassin bug secretes a sticky fluid from its body as well. In contrast to the predatory species, however, the blood-sucking assassin bugs can feed on any number of large vertebrates, including humans. Like mosquitoes, they are considered to be a vector (transmitter) of dangerous diseases.

Types of Assassin Bugs

While there are several thousand types of Assassin Bugs in the world, there are just a few of them:

• Kissing Bugs – Triatominae – These little suckers usually feed on the blood of vertebrates, which is why they are also nicknamed “vampire bugs”. While some types can be found in Asia and Africa, most are located in the Americas.
• Pale Green Assassin Bugs – Zelus luridus -Known for their notable green coloration and pair of large spines on their pronotum, these Assassin Bugs hunt and even ambush other insects. Most species can be found in North America.
• Masked Hunters – Reduvius personatus – These are insect hunters and are named for their tendancy to “mask” themselves with dust for camoflague. They can be mistake for the kissing bug because they look similar. While these used to only be found in Europe, they made their way across the seas and are now located in North America.
• Ambush Bugs – Phymatinae – This group of Assassin Bugs is aptly named because they have the tools and methods for taking down larger insects. They are able to use their surroundings to blend in for an ambush, and their large, powerful front legs are strong enough to subdue bigger prey. They can be found throughout the world except for Australia and New Zealand.
• Thread-legged Bugs – Emesinae – These bugs are slim and have raptor front legs and extremely thin remaining legs. They are capable stalkers because they are able to perch and approach from unexpected places. They can usually be found in the tropics.
• Feather-legged Bugs – Holoptilinae – These are named for their fuzzy-looking legs, but they are also suitably named “ant wolves” because they typically feed on ants. They actually have an organ that attracts ants.

History and Evolution

While determining the evolutionary history of the Assassin Bug is difficult due to them being one of the older groups of insects dating back 100 million years ago and the lack of fossil evidence, scientists believe that the blood-sucking varieties of the kissing bugs diverged in Central and South America.

Assassin Bug evolution is interesting and helpful to study because they are spread out across the world in different environments and provide insight into how other species diverged throughout history.

Prevention

Most assassin bugs are nothing to worry about. Besides biting people with their sharp mouth parts out of self defense (which causes pain and swelling), they generally do not bother humans. The blood-sucking bugs are more problematic, however. Kissing bugs are a particular concern in the United States. They can be found all throughout the home, including cracks, holes in the wall, furniture, and mattresses and box springs.

Cleaning out these areas and closing holes to the outside is critical to prevent them from occurring. One of the best ways to get rid of them is with a chemical repellent from the store or a homemade solution that works on these types of insects. Traps are an option as well, but you may not necessarily need an exterminator unless there is a serious infestation.

If you’ve been bitten (by any assassin bug, not just a kissing bug), you should wash the site out with antibacterial soap and apply lotion or ice. This should help to reduce the pain and prevent a possible infection. However, unless you catch a disease or develop an infection, immediate medical treatment is not normally necessary. You can easily treat the wound yourself.

1. , Available here: https://www.britannica.com/animal/assassin-bug
2. , Available here: https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/assassin-bugs-and-ambush-bugs-reduviidae/
3. , Available here: https://homesteading.com/dangers-assassin-bugs-ways-deter/