Darwin’s Frog

The unique carnivorous Darwin's frog carries tadpoles in its vocal sac for up to 70 days! Darwin's frog is native to streams and forests of Chile and Argentina. This tiny frog species gets its name after explorer Charles Darwin. He discovered the frog during his famous "Voyage of the Beagle" from February 1832 to September 1835. Darwin's frog is able to camouflage itself on the forest floor, thanks to its evolving to look like a dried-up leaf.    

5 Darwin's Frog Facts

• Male Darwin's frogs carry hatchling tadpoles in their vocal sac for about 50 to 70 days.
• Darwin's Frogs are carnivores, eating small insects, snails, worms, and spiders.
• Both humans and fungus are to blame for the frogs' decline toward extinction.
• These tiny frogs only grow up to 1.4 inches in length.
• Despite being small, Darwin's frogs travel at speeds of up to five miles per hour.

 

Darwin's Frog Scientific Name

Commonly called Darwin's frogs, these tiny amphibians of the class Amphibia bear the scientific name of Rhinoderma darwinii. They belong to the family Rhinodermatidae. Two species of Darwin's Frogs exist. One originates in northern Chile, while the other lives in southern Chile and Argentina. Sadly, scientists believe the northern Darwin's frog to be extinct from a deadly fungus outbreak. But hope remains that these northern species still exist somewhere in the forests of northern Chile. Of their scientific name, "rhinoderma" means rhinoceros-nosed. But they get their common name from the explorer who discovered and documented their existence, Charles R. Darwin.  

Darwin's Frog Appearance and Behavior

Darwin's frog's upper body skin is brown or green in color with large blotches. Its bottom side is usually black or white. Their skin features many warts as well. The tiny frog relies on its coloration and skin texture to camouflage itself on the forest floor and in streams, looking like a dried leaf. Each individual frog's body print and colors work much like a fingerprint for humans. No two frogs have the exact same patterned appearance. The frog's body is rounded, but its head is shaped like a triangle with a pointed snout. Its thin legs work very well for hopping on the forest floor at speeds of up to five miles per hour. Only its hind feet have webbing between toes, ideal for swimming. This lets the front feet better grip the ground. This little frog is similar in size to a sewing thimble. It averages from 0.9 to 1.2 inches in length. Darwin's Frog is a diurnal creature, meaning it sleeps at night and is mostly active during daytime. When threatened by predators, the frog plays dead. It lays very still on the forest floor or floating in a stream. Its coloration and skin patterns make it look like a dead leaf, blending it in perfectly with forest debris.  

Darwin's Frog Habitat

Darwin's Frogs live in the glades and forests of Chile and Argentina. The frogs prefer living in forests, bogs, and along the edge of slow-moving streams or swamps. But they live at altitudes of up to 3,600 feet above mean sea level. Overall, their habitat includes grasslands, the woody debris of forest floors, mossy areas, young trees, young bushes, and elsewhere in native forests. Darwin's Frogs are best suited for places with short vegetation, which keep the soil moist and at a cooler temperature. Since their coloration matches the habitats in which they live, they also find better places to hide from predators. During the day and when sleeping, Darwin's Frogs take shelter under logs or moss. They also enjoy basking in sunlight when no predators are near.  

Darwin's Frog Diet

Like many of its amphibian and frog cousins, Darwin's Frog is a meat-eater. To capture its prey, the carnivorous frog simply sits quietly and waits for passing insects, spiders, snails, and worms. When prey comes near, the frog ambushes it quickly and silently with its long, sticky tongue.    

Darwin's Frog Predators and Threats

The biggest threats to Darwin's Frogs are the fungus chytrid, which causes an infectious disease called chytridiomycosis. This fungal infection is capable of killing more frogs, more quickly than its natural predators or humans. Scientists do not know the origin of the bacteria responsible for this fungal infection. But it is believed to have wiped out the entire population of the northern Darwin's Frog species of northern Chile. This means only the southern population of Darwin's Frogs remain in southern Chile and Argentina. Southern Darwin's Frogs also face the ongoing threats of animal predators. These include rodents, snakes, and birds. When a predator is near, the Darwin's Frog uses its coloring to help it hide from the animal. By laying very still on the forest floor, the frog blends in with its surroundings. The predators only see what looks like another dead leaf on the ground. The frogs also drop or jump into a stream and float like a leaf down the river. Humans threaten the Darwin's Frog habitat through urbanization. Deforestation and encroaching cities take habitat from the frogs for human use. Other threats are results of climate change: changing temperatures and increased sun UV exposure can kill the frogs. The northern Darwin's frog is believed to be extinct. Its southern cousin of southern Chile and Argentina is vulnerable to extinction. Their risk for extinction is primarily due to human deforestation, climate change, and fungal infection threat.  

Darwin's Frog Reproduction, Babies and Lifespan

To reproduce, Darwin's Frog males call out loudly during the night and throughout each day for females. This call is a quick pattern of "piiip" sounds. When a male finds a female to mate with, he leads her to shelter for breeding. This shelter is usually a mossy log or other partial covering. The Darwin's Frog is very unusual in how it takes care of its young. Each mating season ideally results in up to 40 clear eggs to a clutch. The female deposits the clutch of eggs into leafy debris on the forest floor. The male fertilizes the eggs, then stays nearby because his job is not finished. He waits for about three weeks near the clutch until the larvae are able to squirm within their eggs. He then scoops all of the eggs into his throat's vocal sac. There, they spend about three days before hatching into tadpoles. The tadpoles remain in the male's vocal sac for another 50 to 70 days. During this time, the father frog provides nourishment from fluids within the sac. The tadpoles also gain nourishment from the yolk from the eggs. At the end of their 50 to 70 days in the vocal sac, the tiny froglets move into their father's mouth. The male frog then appears to spit the little frogs out. This process usually takes place at a stream. Darwin's Frogs can live 10 to 15 years in the wild.  

Darwin's Frog Population

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists Darwin's Frogs (Rhinoderma darwinii) on their Red List of Threatened Species as endangered due to the population is decreasing. Listed conservation threats include:  

• Urban development
• Agriculture and deforestation
• Fire and fire management
• Invasive diseases
• Pollution
• Volcanoes
• Droughts

 

Darwin's Frog FAQ

 

Are Darwin's Frogs Herbivores, Carnivores, or Omnivores?

Darwin's Frogs are carnivores. They eat insects, spiders, snails, and worms. They ambush their prey, sitting still until the prey comes close to the frog. Then the frog sticks out its sticky tongue with lightning speed, capturing the prey and pulling it into its mouth.  

How many Darwin's Frogs are left in the world today?

Scientists do not know exactly how many southern Darwin's Frogs (Rhinoderma darwinii) are left in the southern part of Chile and Argentina. But they do know that this population is on the decline. Because the northern Darwin's Frog of northern Chile is believed extinct, conservationists are working to preserve Darwin's Frog habitat. The northern frog went extinct because of an infectious fungal disease.  

What is a Darwin's Frog vocal sac?

The Darwin's Frog vocal sac is a membrane of skin in the male frog's throat. This sac helps it make loud calls for mating or to make its presence known. Only males have the sac. In Darwin's Frogs, this is the place where the male keeps its offspring for up to 70 days, while the young grow strong enough to make it on their own in the wild.  View all 24 animals that start with D

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1. David Burnie, Dorling Kindersley (2011) Animal, The Definitive Visual Guide To The World's Wildlife
2. Tom Jackson, Lorenz Books (2007) The World Encyclopedia Of Animals
3. David Burnie, Kingfisher (2011) The Kingfisher Animal Encyclopedia
4. Richard Mackay, University of California Press (2009) The Atlas Of Endangered Species
5. David Burnie, Dorling Kindersley (2008) Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Animals
6. Dorling Kindersley (2006) Dorling Kindersley Encyclopedia Of Animals