Kori Bustard

The Kori bustard is the largest animal able to fly, especially the male, which is heavier than the female.

This bird species is a member of the bustard family, and like all bustards, is a ground-dwelling bird. It is an opportunistic omnivore that is present in southern Africa and lives in open grassy areas. Scarce in unprotected areas, their populations have declined as a result of hunting, poisoning, bush encroachment, and agricultural development, and it is listed as a near-threatened species.

Kori Bustard Amazing Facts!

• This species is the national bird of Botswana.
• It is the largest bird native to Africa.
• It spends 70% of its time on the ground.
• Males weigh an average of 24lbs and have a wingspan of 90.5-108in.

Where To Find Kori Bustards

The kori bustard has a geographic range throughout southern Africa, but it is native to both eastern and southern areas. It is most common in Botswana and Namibia and locally common in Zimbabwe. You can find it in open grassy areas with sandy soil, and sometimes in other areas except for dense woods. When it’s in dry grasslands, it seeks shelter from the heat under groups of trees along dry watercourses. You’re most likely to find them during the breeding season, around their food sources, or near watering holes.

Nests

The kori bustard’s breeding habitat is in open savanna with light grass, trees, and shrubs, or sometimes hilly areas. Like other bustard species, the female does not make a true nest. Instead, she lays her eggs on the ground in a shallow area 12-18 in diameter. The nest is usually 13ft away from a shrub, tree, termite mound, or pile of rocks, and is hard to find unless someone accidentally stumbles upon it. She tends to use the same site for several years.

Kori Bustard Scientific Name

Kori bustards belong to the class Aves (birds). The common name of this bird species is kori bustard. It is called “Christmas turkey” in Namibia and “Kalahari Kentucky” in South Africa. The scientific name is Ardeotis kori, and in the genus Ardeotis there are four species. Its family is Otididae (bustards). Its English name of kori comes from its African name in the Setswana language, which is kgori. There are two subspecies of A. kori, A. k. kori and A. k. struthiunculus.

Kori Bustard Appearance

The main colors of the kori are brown with grey with fine black and white patterns. Its upper body and neck are greyish tan and black, followed by a black collar that goes down the sides. Its side feathers are sandy brown, black, and white. It has a black crest on the top of its head that the male has more coloring of than the female. Above each eye is a white stripe. The neck, throat, and chin are white with fine, thin black barring. The neck feathers are loose and give the appearance of a thicker neck. The belly is white, while the tail is white and brownish-grey. A large head pairs with pale yellow eyes and yellowish legs with three front-facing toes.

The male has a weight of 15.4-39.7lbs, a length of 3 ft 5 in-4 ft 5 in, a height of 23.6-47.2in (average 4.5ft), and a wingspan of 7 ft 7 in-9 ft 0 in. The female measures about 20-30% less in height and weight than the male. She has a weight of 6.6-15.4lbs with an average weight of 10.6-13.4lbs, a height of 2.25ft, a length of 2 ft 11 in-3 ft 8 in, and a wingspan of 5 ft 10 in-7 ft 3 in. She has thinner legs and a slimmer neck. When flying, this bustard species can be distinguished from Denham’s bustard and Ludwig’s bustard with the lack of white markings on its upper wings, which are totally grey.

Juvenile birds are similar in appearance to females but with more brown as well as mantle spots, plus a shorter crest and neck feathers. Male juveniles are still larger than females but are less bulky than adult males.

Kori bustard vs secretary bird

Both of these bird species are African. However, while the secretary bird is greater in height, the kori bustard is heavier, larger, and with a longer wingspan. It also has a longer, more complex digestive tract for an omnivorous diet, whereas the secretary bird eats more flesh. The secretary bird is black and white in color but like kori bustards prefers its habitat to be open grasslands. The call of each is different, with the kori bustard having a loud, growling bark, and the secretary bird having soft clucks and whistles.

Kori Bustard Behavior

This bird species is always in open areas and stays away from wooded ones so it has enough space to take off running when threatened. It looks for food during the day and does not migrate. Males are aggressive during mating season. When landing from flying, the bird keeps its wings spread until it has reached walking speed. Like other bustards, it avoids flying and when the female is incubating eggs, she’ll only fly at the last minute. She does not make a real nest but instead lays her eggs in shallow hollows.

The call of this bird species depends on what is happening. It has a loud mating call and when threatened, has a loud, growling bark. Sometimes, it is aggressive to other animals at watering holes and raises its crest, opens its wings, and pecks at them.

Migration Pattern and Timing

Although the kori bustard does not migrate, unlike many other African birds. It is sometimes nomadic, irregularly moving at night to new habitat areas according to rainfall. Also, adult and juvenile males move after breeding season, whereas the females stay.

Kori Bustard Diet

Kori bustards are opportunistic omnivores, meaning their diet has both animal and plant matter according to opportunity. They follow foraging ungulates to feed after them. Sometimes, they feed in wheat fields and other agricultural areas. They are sometimes accidentally poisoned by humans who are doing pest control on locusts.

What do kori bustards eat?

The kori bustard diet is omnivorous. It eats locusts, grasshoppers, katydids, dung beetles, caterpillars, termites, scorpions, lizards, chameleons, spiders, flies, bees, wasps, ants, mollusks, small snakes, rodents, bird eggs, nestlings, and even carrion. It also eats grasses, seeds, and sometimes other vegetation, including green leaves, wild melons, flowers, bulbs, roots, and berries. Acacia gum is its preferred plant.

Kori Bustard Predators and Threats

This bustard species is threatened by hunting, poisoning, brush encroachment from livestock, and agricultural development. As a ground-dwelling bird that avoids flying, it is vulnerable to land-dwelling predators.

What eats kori bustards?

The kori bustard has many predators. Leopards, caracals, cheetahs, lions, hyenas, jackals, python snakes, eagles, and eagle owls eat juveniles and adults. Baboons, mongooses, and warthogs eat eggs and chicks.

Kori Bustard Reproduction, Babies, and Lifespan

The baby kori bustard is called a chick, while the young is called a juvenile. Its lifespan is 26-28 years in captivity. The birds mate by sexual reproduction and breed from September to February (A.k. kori) or mid-March or December to August (A.k. struthiunculus) depending on the subspecies. Their breeding is very much connected to rainfall, as breeding is rare or doesn’t happen at all during drought.

Males engage in mating behavior called lekking in which they come together to do courtship rituals for females. They do so at regular lekking sites during the mornings and evenings. They are polygynous, so one male will attract and mate with several females. During courtship displays, the males hold their heads back and bulge out their cheeks, inflate their throat pouches, hold their bills open, puff out their front neck feathers and stick up their crests. They raise their tails up and lower their wings. Then they stride and emit loud booming calls. When the males fight each other, they smash and peck at each other.

Males do not have any part in raising the young. Females lay about 2 eggs, which are 2.3-2.4 in width, 3.2-3.4in in height, and 4.3-6.3 oz in weight with an average weight of 5.3oz. They incubate them for 23-24 days, rarely drinking and never eating, and dropping bits of vegetation onto their backs for camouflage. They bring softened food to their chicks. The chicks at first weigh 2.8-4.1 oz but quickly grow, and they’re able to follow their mothers a few hours after hatching. They can forage with their mothers after a few weeks. Fledging at 4-5 weeks, they get to flying independently at 3-4 months. They leave their mothers during their second year and reach sexual maturity at 3-4 years for both sexes.

Kori Bustard Population

The kori bustard is listed as a near-threatened species and not threatened because its geographic range is large and its population decline is slow. It is threatened by livestock farming and ranching, hunting and trapping, and utility and service lines.

1. Wikipedia, Available here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kori_bustard
2. Africa Freak, Available here: https://africafreak.com/kori-bustard
3. Bird Life Botswana, Available here: http://www.birdlifebotswana.org.bw/node/7990/%5Bfield_stakeholder_url%5D
4. Animalia, Available here: https://animalia.bio/kori-bustard
5. Wiley Online Library, Available here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/zoo.1430060307
6. Animal Corner, Available here: https://animalcorner.org/animals/secretary-bird/
7. Wikipedia, Available here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretarybird
8. Kidadl, Available here: https://kidadl.com/animal-facts/kori-bustard-facts
9. Zoo New England, Available here: https://www.zoonewengland.org/franklin-park-zoo/our-animals/birds/kori-bustard