B
Species Profile

Blue German Shepherd

Canis lupus familiaris

Blue coat, classic Shepherd heart.
Happy monkey/Shutterstock.com

Blue German Shepherd Distribution

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Origin Location

This map shows the native origin of the Blue German Shepherd. As a domesticated species, they are now found worldwide.

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Found in 1 country

Size Comparison

Human 5'8"
Blue German Shepherd 1 ft 12 in

Blue German Shepherd stands at 35% of average human height.

At a Glance

Domesticated
Also Known As German Shepherd, GSD, Alsatian, Alsatian Wolf Dog, Shep
Diet Omnivore
Activity Diurnal+
Lifespan 5 years
Weight 40 lbs
Status Not Evaluated
Did You Know?

The "blue" coat is a dilute of black pigment (eumelanin), often caused by the dilute (D-locus) gene-color only, not a separate breed or species.

Scientific Classification

A domestic dog (German Shepherd Dog) with a dilute black pigment producing a gray/steel “blue” coat. It is not a separate species or subspecies—just a color variant within the breed.

Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Canidae
Genus
Canis
Species
Canis lupus

Distinguishing Features

  • German Shepherd body plan: medium–large, athletic build, erect ears, long muzzle
  • Typical saddle/back pattern may appear in gray tones due to pigment dilution
  • Coat color described as slate gray/steel (“blue”) rather than true blue
  • Temperament often aligns with German Shepherd: intelligent, trainable, protective

Physical Measurements

Males and females differ in size

Height
2 ft 1 in (1 ft 12 in – 2 ft 2 in)
1 ft 11 in (1 ft 10 in – 1 ft 12 in)
Length
3 ft 9 in (3 ft 5 in – 4 ft 1 in)
3 ft 5 in (3 ft 1 in – 3 ft 9 in)
Weight
77 lbs (66 lbs – 88 lbs)
60 lbs (49 lbs – 71 lbs)
Tail Length
1 ft 6 in (1 ft 4 in – 1 ft 8 in)
1 ft 4 in (1 ft 2 in – 1 ft 6 in)
Top Speed
30 mph
30 mph, coat no effect

Appearance

Primary Colors
Secondary Colors
Skin Type Mammalian, furred skin with a dense double coat (coarse outer guard hairs over a thick insulating undercoat). Seasonal shedding is heavy; skin is typically pigmented but nose/skin pigment may be lighter (slate) in dilute individuals.
Distinctive Features
  • Breed-level (domestic dog) variant: This is the domestic dog (German Shepherd Dog) with a dilute black pigment producing a blue/steel-gray coat; it is not a separate species, subspecies, or wolf/wolfdog type.
  • German Shepherd breed identifiers: athletic working-dog build; slightly elongated body with strong topline; deep chest; powerful rear; long bushy tail carried low when relaxed.
  • Head and ears: wedge-shaped head with long muzzle; erect, forward-facing triangular ears (especially pronounced once mature).
  • Coat: medium-length double coat most common; some lines have longer coats. Blue variant does not change coat structure-only pigment intensity.
  • Eyes: typically dark brown; lighter amber tones can occur but are less preferred in many breed standards.
  • Temperament/behavior (breed-typical): confident, intelligent, highly trainable; strong handler focus; protective/alert; needs structured socialization to avoid over-guarding or reactivity.
  • Shows how the German Shepherd Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) differs from the gray wolf: tamer, stays near people, more coat colors (including blue), and body built for herding and work.
  • Health concerns (German Shepherd-associated): hip and elbow dysplasia; degenerative myelopathy; exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; gastric dilatation-volvulus (bloat) risk; chronic allergies/atopic dermatitis in some lines.
  • Dilute blue coats can be linked to color dilution alopecia (CDA) in some lines; risk varies. Watch for hair thinning, repeated skin infections, or itchiness and see a vet dermatologist if seen.
  • Care requirements: high exercise and mental-work needs (daily training, scent/obedience work, running/hiking); inadequate stimulation often leads to anxiety or destructive behaviors.
  • Grooming: frequent brushing (2-3×/week; daily during seasonal coat blow); undercoat rake helps manage heavy shedding; bathe as needed to protect skin barrier.
  • Preventive care: keep lean to reduce joint stress; consider orthopedic screening (hips/elbows) and appropriate growth management in puppies (avoid overfeeding and excessive high-impact exercise).
  • Working-dog conformation: strong neck and forequarters; efficient trot; often used in police/military, search-and-rescue, service work, and sport (IGP working-dog trials, herding, agility).

Sexual Dimorphism

Males are typically larger and more heavily boned with broader heads and necks; females are generally smaller, lighter-framed, and may appear more refined while retaining the same overall breed type. Coat color/pattern expression (including blue dilution) is not sex-linked.

  • Larger overall size; thicker neck and more pronounced musculature.
  • Broader skull and chest; heavier bone.
  • Often more prominent mane/ruff appearance due to mass and coat fullness.
  • Smaller, more refined head and lighter bone structure.
  • Slightly narrower chest and lighter overall frame.
  • May mature earlier in body proportions; same coat type and shedding cycle.

Did You Know?

The "blue" coat is a dilute of black pigment (eumelanin), often caused by the dilute (D-locus) gene-color only, not a separate breed or species.

Blue German Shepherds can be born in the same litters as black-and-tan siblings if the parents carry the dilute gene.

Many kennel clubs consider "blue" a non-standard color for conformation showing, but it doesn't prevent the dog from excelling in work or sport.

German Shepherd Dogs were created as purpose-bred herding/utility dogs, unlike their wild ancestor (gray wolf) which is not selectively bred for human tasks.

Iconic breed identifiers include upright ears, an athletic trotting gait, a strong back and hindquarters, and high trainability.

Despite the coat name, the color ranges from slate/steel gray to a washed charcoal; noses and paw pads may also look lighter (more gray than black).

Unique Adaptations

  • Human-directed trainability: compared with the gray wolf, German Shepherds are selectively bred for responsiveness to human cues, cooperative work, and task persistence.
  • Efficient trotting gait: the breed's structure supports a long, ground-covering trot suited to patrol, herding, and endurance work.
  • Scent and tracking aptitude: like other domestic dogs, they retain wolf-derived olfaction but are selectively refined for tracking/utility roles.
  • Double coat insulation: a dense undercoat and harsher topcoat help regulate temperature; blue is purely a pigment dilution and doesn't change coat function.
  • Behavioral flexibility: domestic dogs show reduced flight distance and greater social tolerance with humans versus wolves-key to living and working in human environments.

Interesting Behaviors

  • "Shadowing" their person: many German Shepherds naturally track and follow family members room-to-room, reflecting bonding and watchfulness selected in working dogs.
  • Alert scanning and perimeter checks: they often pause to observe doors, windows, and fences-an instinctive guarding pattern.
  • Mouthy herding-style play: nipping at heels or grabbing toys can echo their herding origins and benefits from early training and appropriate outlets.
  • Focused "lock-on" during training: strong engagement with a handler, quick pattern-learning, and sustained attention-excellent for obedience, protection sports, scent work, and service tasks.
  • Vocal range beyond barking: grumbles, "talking," and warning woofs are common communication styles in the breed.
  • High-drive object play: intense tug/ball interest is common in working lines and can be used as a powerful training reward.

Cultural Significance

German Shepherd Dog (blue coat variant) (Canis lupus familiaris) became a 20th-century symbol of working dogs—police, military, guide dogs, and rescue—made famous by service in wars and Rin Tin Tin. The blue coat is rare and causes arguments about show color compared to working skill.

Myths & Legends

Many tell that Captain Max von Stephanitz saw the perfect herding dog at a German show in 1899 — the dog later called Horand von Grafrath — and began the standard German Shepherd working breed.

Early stories about the German Shepherd Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) said it was an almost legendary guardian: watching farms and children at night, warning of intruders, and seeming to choose one person to protect.

Rin Tin Tin, a war-rescued German Shepherd (Canis lupus familiaris), became a film star. Stories said his box-office draw could "save" productions and studios, making the breed seem heroic.

In parts of Europe and North America, protective-dog superstition held that a dark-coated Shepherd at the threshold could ward off misfortune-an echo of older household-guardian beliefs applied to modern working dogs.

Naming stories about the German Shepherd Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) connect its German roots and name meaning "shepherd dog," saying dogs "know the flock better than the shepherd," stressing instinct and partnership.

Conservation Status

NE Not Evaluated

Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

Population Stable

Life Cycle

Birth 7 pups
Lifespan 5 years

Lifespan

In the Wild
3–8 years
In Captivity
7–10 years

Reproduction

Mating System Polygyny
Social Structure Managed Domestic
Breeding Pattern Serial
Fertilization Managed Selective
Birth Type Internal_fertilization

Canis lupus familiaris, German Shepherd Dog (blue coat variant): reproduce by internal fertilization; females have about 1-2 heat cycles per year, gestation about 63 days. Mating: managed_selective polygyny in a managed_domestic setting; bond duration serial.

Behavior & Ecology

Social Pack Group: 4
Activity Diurnal, Crepuscular, Cathemeral
Diet Omnivore Meat-forward, high-protein meals (e.g., chicken or beef-based complete dog food)

Temperament

Highly trainable; thrives on structured learning, clear rules, and consistent reinforcement
Handler-oriented with strong working drive (common in sport/working lines); can become frustrated or reactive without sufficient outlets
Protective/territorial tendencies are common; appropriate socialization is important to prevent inappropriate suspicion or defensive aggression
Confident and steady in well-bred individuals; can be wary with strangers, especially during adolescence
Play style can be intense (chase/mouthy herding-oriented play); benefits from impulse-control training
Needs substantial daily physical exercise plus mental work (tracking/nosework, obedience, agility, protection sport only with expert guidance)
Breed-specific health concerns affecting behavior/activity: hip/elbow dysplasia, degenerative myelopathy risk, osteoarthritis; GI sensitivity; prone to anxiety-related behaviors if under-exercised or poorly managed
Blue-coat German Shepherd Dog: not a separate species and usually has normal behavior. Blue dilution can cause color dilution alopecia; skin pain may raise irritability or reduce handling tolerance. Use reputable breeders and watch skin.
Care requirements influencing social behavior: early, positive socialization; ongoing exposure to people/animals/environments; avoid harsh corrections that can increase fear/defensiveness; provide predictable routines, enrichment, and rest

Communication

Barking Alert/territorial warning, demand barking, play barking
Growling Distance-increasing warning; resource/space guarding communication
Whining/whimpering Attention-seeking, stress, frustration
Howling Less common; social facilitation or response to sirens/novel sounds
Grumbling/"talking" Low vocalizations during handling or anticipation; common in some lines
Body posture: forward stance, raised hackles, stiff tail carriage can signal arousal/defensiveness; loose wiggly posture signals affiliation
Facial signals: hard stare/averted gaze, lip licks, yawns, and panting as stress signals; muzzle wrinkles and closed mouth tension as escalation cues
Proximity seeking and leaning: affiliative contact toward trusted humans; may "shadow" handlers
Scent communication: sniffing, urine marking, and overmarking; strong interest in olfactory exploration Use nosework to channel
Play signals: play bow, bouncy approach; can escalate quickly without skillful interruption due to intensity
Mouthing/biting inhibition: herding/working ancestry can produce grabby behavior; training and appropriate chew outlets are important
Environmental scanning/guarding: positioning at doors/windows, patrolling yard; can be reinforced unintentionally by repeated arousal at passersby

Habitat

Biomes:
Temperate Forest Temperate Grassland Mediterranean Boreal Forest (Taiga) Tundra Alpine Desert Hot Desert Cold Tropical Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Savanna Freshwater Wetland Marine Temperate Rainforest +9
Terrain:
Plains Hilly Mountainous Plateau Valley Coastal Island Riverine +2
Elevation: Up to 16404 ft 3 in

Ecological Role

Human-associated domestic omnivore (companion/working canid) with limited direct ecological predation compared to wild Canis lupus; may still exert local impacts through opportunistic hunting/scavenging and by influencing wildlife via human-mediated presence.

Herding and livestock management Guarding/protection and deterrence Search-and-rescue and tracking Detection work (narcotics/explosives/medical scent) Assistance/service roles Human companionship and social support

Diet Details

Main Prey:
Small mammals Birds Carrion Large ungulates
Other Foods:
Grasses Berries and other wild fruits Vegetables Fallen fruit

Human Interaction

Domestication Status

Domesticated

Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) came from gray wolves and were shaped by humans for tameness, cooperation, and work. The German Shepherd Dog was standardized in late 1800s–early 1900s Germany by Max von Stephanitz for herding, trainability, calmness. Blue is a dilute black coat color, a breed variant; some registries call it non‑standard for shows but it is still domestic.

Danger Level

Moderate
  • Bite/injury risk increases with poor socialization, fear, harsh handling, or inadequate management; the breed's size and jaw strength can make incidents severe.
  • Protective/guarding tendencies can lead to territorial behavior or reactivity if not channeled through training and structure.
  • Adolescent dogs may display jumping/mouthing or herding-style nipping without consistent training.
  • High drive and intensity can create risk around children, visitors, and other pets if supervision, enrichment, and impulse control are lacking.
  • HUBS (human interaction range): commonly intense daily contact as family companions; structured working partnerships in policing/military/security; assistance and therapy interactions in public; volunteer-driven SAR deployments; sport/club environments involving decoys and high-arousal training; and commercial transactions via breeders, trainers, groomers, boarding facilities, and veterinarians.

As a Pet

Suitable as Pet

Legality: German Shepherd Dog (Canis lupus familiaris), blue coat type, is usually legal as a pet. Some places have laws about certain breeds or housing or insurance rules that limit German Shepherds; the blue coat is rarely controlled.

Care Level: Experienced

Purchase Cost: $1,200 - $5,000
Lifetime Cost: $20,000 - $60,000

Economic Value

Uses:
Companion animal ownership Working dog services (police, military, security) Service and assistance roles Search-and-rescue and disaster response Sport and competition (IGP/Schutzhund, obedience, agility, herding, scentwork) Breeding and kennel operations (including niche/rare-color markets) Veterinary, grooming, training, and boarding industries Media/branding (film, advertising, mascots)
Products:
  • Professional training services (basic manners, behavior modification, advanced obedience)
  • Working-dog deployment (security contracts, patrol support, detection work depending on program)
  • Service dog preparation (mobility/psychiatric tasks when temperament and health are suitable)
  • Search-and-rescue training and certification pathways
  • Equipment (crates, muzzles, harnesses, long lines, bite-work gear in sport contexts)
  • Veterinary services (orthopedics, GI care, dermatology-especially if dilution-related skin issues occur)
  • Food and supplements (large-breed diets; joint support as indicated)

Relationships

Ecological Equivalents 5

Animals that fill a similar ecological role in their ecosystem

Belgian Malinois
Belgian Malinois Canis lupus familiaris Closest functional analogue in modern working roles (police/military, protection, and sport). Exhibits similar high drive and trainability and is often compared to German Shepherd Dogs for bite-work and detection. Care needs overlap: intense daily exercise, structured training, and careful socialization to prevent reactivity.
Dutch Shepherd
Dutch Shepherd Canis lupus familiaris Herding-derived working niche (protection, patrol, sport) and temperament profile (athletic, vigilant, handler-focused). Comparable management needs: substantial mental enrichment, consistent obedience work, and joint-friendly conditioning.
Bohemian Shepherd Canis lupus familiaris Herding/guardian niche with German Shepherd Dog–like outline and temperament (watchful, biddable). Useful comparison for owners seeking a shepherd-type dog, though the prevalence of certain conditions associated with German Shepherd Dogs often differs between lines.
Gray wolf
Gray wolf Canis lupus Large, social, fast-running canid that exhibits pack social structure, territorial signaling, and coordinated hunting movements similar to domestic dogs. The German Shepherd Dog (blue coat variant, Canis lupus familiaris) is a human-bred working breed that shows comparable pack-related behaviors; the blue coat is due to a dilution allele (typically d/d) and is not a separate taxon.
German Shepherd Dog
German Shepherd Dog Canis lupus familiaris Blue-coated variant of the German Shepherd Dog. The blue coloration results from dilution of black pigment. Some registries do not accept the blue color, and blue-coated individuals may be at increased risk of color dilution alopecia. Otherwise they share the same German Shepherd traits, health risks, and care needs.

Quick Take

  • Their coat color is dismissed as a flaw by major kennel clubs, yet the genetic reason behind it might change how you see them entirely.
  • German Shepherds have a reputation for aggression, but Blue German Shepherds challenge that label in an unexpected way. See their true temperament →
  • Their devotion to owners sounds like a dream, but that impression changes the moment you leave the house. Explore the separation anxiety →
  • If you have small pets at home, there's a specific risk with Blue German Shepherd puppies that most new owners overlook. Read about prey drive risks →

Blue German Shepherds are purebred German Shepherds who possess a pair of genes that dilute the black pigmentation of the fur, resulting in a bluish-gray coat and, sometimes, lighter eye color. Their coloring does not have any sort of adverse effect on their temperament or health.

Blue German Shepherds originally came from Germany. Just like other German Shepherds, they were bred by a German man named Max von Stephanitz to create the ideal herding dog. These dogs were introduced into the United States in 1906. However, they are not recognized by the American Kennel Club. Blue German Shepherds have been at the center of controversy, with some people saying they should be classified as their own breed, while others maintain that they are simply the result of a genetic mutation.

If you are looking to adopt one of these rare beauties, then you are on the right track. They are hard-working, lovable dogs who readily shower love and devotion on their owners.

An educational infographic about Blue German Shepherds with sections on their genetic origin, pros and cons, health issues, and care requirements using icons and dog silhouettes.
Rare, majestic, and at the center of a decades-long genetic controversy. See why this stunning "dilution" mutation is rewriting the rules of the world’s most loyal breed. © A-Z Animals

3 Pros and Cons of Owning a Blue German Shepherd

ProsCons
They have a beautiful, enviable coat. Blue German Shepherds have a gorgeous diluted black color with a blue tinge to it. They are a rare variant of the German Shepherd, which makes them highly sought-after and majestic to behold.They have separation anxiety. Blue German Shepherds are devoted to their owners to a fault. They do not like being left alone for extended periods of time and will develop separation anxiety. This leads to destructive behavior and health deterioration, so if you spend a lot of time away from home, consider getting another dog.
They are excellent guard dogs. Blue German Shepherds were bred to protect, and they do their job really well.They are highly energetic. Blue German Shepherds are working dogs, so they require at least an hour of physical fitness every day. They love to play and run around, so they are not good pets for someone who doesn’t live an active life.
They are easy to train. These dogs are hard-working and very intelligent. They like a challenge, and learning new things is fun for them.They don’t like strangers. Blue German Shepherds are not typically accommodating of strangers like some other breeds are. These are guard dogs whose focus is on protecting their family. They are usually uninterested in strange faces, which is why they should be socialized as soon as possible.

Size and Weight

Blue German Shepherds are medium- to large-sized dogs, similar in size and weight to other German Shepherds. The males are 24 to 26 inches tall and weigh between 65 and 95 pounds, while the females grow up to 22 to 24 inches tall and weigh 50 to 70 pounds.

Common Health Issues

Blue German Shepherds come from a healthy stock and usually live long, healthy lives. However, they are still prone to some health conditions that affect medium and large dogs.

Some of the most common disorders that these dogs experience are hip and elbow dysplasia. These are hereditary conditions that causes ball-and-socket joint malformation in the elbows and the hips. Although this disorder is inherited, it can be worsened by environmental and dietary factors, especially in the dog’s early stages. It is vital not to overfeed your dog so as not to strain their joints. Also, proper exercise can help a dog with this condition. Other conditions that can affect your pup are bloat, aortic stenosis, diabetes, bladder stones, cataracts, and thyroid issues.

Temperament

Blue German Shepherds are mild-tempered dogs. They are friendly, fun-loving, and hard-working. They crave human companionship and are devoted to their owners. Having a Blue German Shepherd means having a shadow follow you around all day — including into the bathroom. When you aren’t there, they can experience separation anxiety and exhibit destructive behavior.

These dogs are people-oriented and great with kids. They make excellent playmates as long as the children are instructed on how to interact with them as animals, and the dogs are trained properly. Blue German Shepherds grow to be bigger than small children, so they may unintentionally cause harm because of their size.

German Shepherds are usually portrayed as an aggressive breed, but this isn’t the case. They are just very protective of their families and are not known to cause trouble unprovoked.

How To Take Care of Blue German Shepherds

Adopting a Blue German Shepherd means you have to put in time, effort, and money to ensure they are properly raised and cared for. They are easily trained, hardy, and they love to spend time with their family.

The Best Dog Food

Blue German Shepherds are large dogs, which means they will need to eat large portions of food. As puppies, they should be fed about three to four times daily, and this number should decrease to about twice daily when they become adults.

Blue German Shepherds also need a diet that complements their vigorous lifestyle. High-quality dry kibble has proven to be one of the best choices for them, in addition to meat. Cooked vegetables can also be added to their portions for even more nutrients. You should make sure not to overfeed your dog. You should be able to feel your pup’s ribs, and their waist should be tapered. If you’re not sure how much to feed your dog, then you can check the back label on the food packet for daily calorie requirements based on your dog’s weight.

Maintenance and Grooming

Blue German Shepherds are easy dogs to maintain. They require the standard grooming process, which includes weekly brushing sessions, routine nail trims, and teeth and ear cleanups. These dogs are quite active, so their nails should wear out naturally. If not, however, you can just trim them, but learn proper nail trimming technique first to avoid injuring your pup.

Blue German Shepherds are prone to shedding. They have double coats, which means they shed heavily. They are not the dogs for people who suffer from allergies or dislike shed hair. While these dogs do shed, it can be managed by proper grooming, which means brushing them at least twice weekly. However, they have two shedding seasons a year, which means even more shedding.

Training

Blue German Shepherds are highly intelligent dogs, so training sessions won’t be a struggle. They pick up cues quickly and excitedly. These dogs are eager to please, which makes them perfect as working dogs. They are used in the military, in the police force in K-9 units, and as service dogs.

These dogs love reward-based training sessions that involve treats and praise when they do something right. They don’t thrive with punishment or negative reinforcement, such as yelling or harsh correction. A positive learning environment is key to training your blue pup.

Exercise

Blue German Shepherds have an active history as herding dogs guarding sheep, so expect them to be very energetic. These dogs love to play, hike, run, jog, and swim. They will need an owner who spends a lot of time doing these things as well. Not only will it create a good bonding experience between you two, but it will also provide them with the daily exercise they need. They need 60 to 90 minutes of physical activity per day.

Puppies

Blue German Shepherds need to be properly socialized, especially while they’re young. This will help them be more gregarious when they get older. They should be exposed to unfamiliar situations, strangers, and other animals. They have a high prey drive, so if you have other small pets such as cats or mice, then you need to make your Blue German Shepherd familiar with them in a safe and controlled environment.

Blue German Shepherds are easily taught and trained, so this won’t be an issue as long as they are properly socialized.

Dogs Similar to Blue German Shepherds

  • Belgian Shepherd: Belgian Shepherds are similar to Blue German Shepherds because they are both herding dogs. They are also highly energetic and make great companions.
  • English Shepherd: The English Shepherd sheds just as profusely as the Blue German Shepherd. They are both herding dogs, and they make excellent guard dogs as well.
  • Rottweiler: These dogs are similar to the Blue German Shepherd because they are both used in service to the police force. They are special K9 unit dogs that work in detective departments, security, and transportation.
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Sources

  1. American Kennel Club / Accessed January 9, 2023
  2. Upstate German Shepherds / Accessed January 9, 2023
  3. Wikipedia / Accessed January 9, 2023
Rose Okeke

About the Author

Rose Okeke

Hi! I am a writer, actor, and filmmaker. Reading is my favorite hobby. Watching old movies and taking short naps are a close second and third. I have been writing since childhood, with a vast collection of handwritten books sealed away in a duffel bag somewhere in my room. I love fiction, especially fantasy and adventure. I recently won the James Currey Prize 2022, so now, naturally, I feel like I own words. When I was 11, I wanted to be a marine biologist because I love animals, particularly dogs, cats, and owls. I also enjoy potatoes and chocolate in all their glorious forms.
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Blue German Shepherd FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

Blue German Shepherds usually live for 9 to 13 years.