Wolf Spider

Quick Take

• Wolf spiders can detach their own legs to escape predators, and what happens next is even stranger. How leg detachment works →
• The female wolf spider's approach to motherhood sets her apart from every other spider on Earth. Unique mothering behavior →
• Despite having some of the best eyesight of any spider, wolf spiders have a surprising limitation that forces them to hunt differently. Hunting despite limitations →
• The wolf spider's venom sounds terrifying, yet its actual danger to humans might completely change how you see this predator. Venom danger to humans →

Among their many distinctive and interesting characteristics, most wolf spiders lack the ability to spin elaborate webs to trap prey. Instead, they ruthlessly hunt down their prey like the famous animal for which they’re named. Females also carry their young ones on their backs. Despite their rather fearsome appearance and behavior, wolf spiders are a useful part of the food chain by helping to keep many other insect species in check.

5 Fantastic Facts

• Wolf spiders are also sometimes known as ground spiders or hunting spiders due to their interesting way of capturing prey.
• The large eyes of the wolf spider provide excellent vision, particularly at night. They have some of the best eyesight of all spider species. However, wolf spiders cannot move their eyes and rely on their wide vision to see.
• Wolf spiders have three tiny claws at the end of their legs, which help them hunt.
• The Carolina wolf spider is the official spider of South Carolina. It is also the only U.S. state to have an official spider.
• Wolf spiders are one of the few spiders known to carry their spiderlings on their backs.

Classification and Scientific Name

The wolf spider belongs to the Lycosidae family, which comes from the ancient Greek word for wolf. This truly massive family is composed of around 135 known genera and more than 2,494 species (depending on how they’re classified).

Because there are so many different types, it is difficult to give a full overview of the varieties, but there are nevertheless many similarities between them. This family belongs to the order Araneae, which includes all known spiders.

Appearance and Behavior

The wolf spider can sometimes be identified by its big eyes, long legs, bulky body, and huge mouth appendages. It has black, brown, or gray coloration, sometimes mixed with tan or light orange markings. This helps it blend in with its surroundings and surprise its prey. The wolf spider has eight eyes located around its head in three distinct rows: two medium-sized eyes at the top, two very large eyes in the middle row, and four small eyes at the bottom, nearest the mouth. These four smaller eyes provide secondary vision and contain a type of reflective tissue that can produce a powerful glow in the light.

The body size of the wolf spider can vary between 0.24 and 1.2 inches — or about the size of a coin — and they usually weigh less than an ounce. Its eight legs are significantly longer than the body and make the spider appear even larger than it actually is. Females tend to be larger than males on average.

Wolf spiders are mostly nocturnal animals, though they may hunt during both the day and night. They spend the majority of the time on the ground but will sometimes climb up trees or vegetation to catch prey. The wolf spider relies on its excellent vision and its sensitivity to nearby vibrations to stalk prey and avoid predators. They also make sounds and emit chemicals for communication.

Wolf spiders may be either nomadic or territorial. Some species will dig holes under rocks, logs, or other objects for safety and security and then conceal the hole with detritus or rubbish. They tend to have a specific hunting ground to which they will return every night. Other wolf spiders have no specific home. They wander around a large swath of territory in search of food and may seek out human habitation when the weather turns cold.

Despite being related to web-building spiders, the wolf spider does not construct large webs, but it still produces silk for egg sacs and other purposes. Its silk has a slightly different composition and strength compared to that of web-building spiders. Because they lack this ability, their hunting behavior is more reminiscent of a large carnivorous animal like the wolf than that of many other spider types.

Habitat

the wolf spider family is truly prolific that can live almost anywhere in the world besides the extreme polar regions, including Antarctica. Its habitat stretches across nearly the entire world, including much of the Sahara and Siberia.

The most common habitats are grasslands, meadows, shrublands, forests, wetlands, gardens, and human homes. They can also live in more inhospitable places such as deserts, mountains, and even volcanoes. While some species require very specific environmental conditions, the vast majority have adapted to a diverse array of habitats.

More than 200 species of wolf spider currently inhabit the United States. One of the most common species is the rabid wolf spider. It is found across Texas and Oklahoma and sometimes as far as Maine and Florida. Despite the name, the rabid wolf spider is not particularly dangerous, but it will sometimes act aggressively toward humans.

Diet

The wolf spider’s diet consists almost exclusively of insects and other spiders, and less commonly small reptiles and amphibians. Some of its favorite foods are ants, grasshoppers, and beetles, but the diet can vary a great deal by climate and location. This diverse diet enables it to live almost anywhere that small invertebrates are found.

The wolf spider is a lightning-quick predator. Many species wait in hiding and then pounce on prey from a great distance. They are also fast enough to chase down retreating prey. Once the prey is caught, the spider will roll the victim into a ball or inject venom directly into its body as a way of liquefying its organs. The spider will then suck out the liquefied nutrients from the body.

Wolf spiders have a few strategies to deal with scarce food supplies, particularly in harsh climates where they may experience frequent deprivation. They can slow their metabolism or resort to cannibalism.

Predators and Threats

Despite its fearsome behavior, the wolf spider’s small size makes it a frequent meal for larger animals such as birds, lizards, and rodents. When threatened by a predator, the wolf spider can resort to several defenses. It has the remarkable ability to detach a leg and make a daring escape (the spider can later regenerate the leg, though usually at a short-term cost). The venomous bite is also a painful deterrent for many predators. If all else fails, the spider will try to use its remarkable speed and agility to run and hide.

Unlike so many other animals, humans are only a minimal threat to the wolf spider family as a whole. They have adapted well to human habitats and can coexist with people when left alone. However, due to the fear of spiders, people frequently try to kill them.

Reproduction, Babies, and Lifespan

At the start of the mating season, male spiders will attempt to court females by waving their pedipalps (their special mouth appendages) in the air or banging them together. Wolf spiders are selective in choosing a mate and look for specific characteristics that may be unique to each species. It is also believed that the male may be able to sense the sexual availability and even past sexual behavior of the female from the chemical composition of her silk. Males must walk a fine line between being bold but not too aggressive in their courtship.

In a small minority of mating encounters, the female may eat the male. This can sometimes even occur before they have successfully mated if the encounter goes wrong. It has also been documented that males can eat older females of lower reproductive value, but this situation is far rarer than the reverse.

Whether or not the male survives the encounter, the female is largely left alone to lay dozens of eggs and carries most of the child-rearing responsibilities. One of the many distinguishing features of the wolf spider is the fact that females will wrap the eggs up in silk and carry the egg sac around on their abdomen. After hatching, the newborn spiders will emerge from the sac and climb on the mother’s back for the remainder of their juvenile lives. After several weeks, the young spiders will be old enough to live on their own. Wolf spiders are one of the few spider species known to carry their young on their backs.

Male wolf spiders tend to live for about one year, although females of some species can live for several years. Due to their shorter lifespans, male wolf spiders must produce as many offspring as possible before they die. Many of these offspring are killed early and do not survive long enough to mate. For this reason, wolf spiders tend to reproduce in large quantities.

Population

Most species of wolf spiders are considered by conservationists to be under no serious threat. Their adaptability has made them one of the most successful animals on the planet, as evidenced by their wide distribution and stable population numbers. But there are several exceptions to this rule.

According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, some of the species located on small islands, such as Desertas and Saint Helena, are all critically endangered. Numerous other species are either endangered or vulnerable.

Due to the massive number of species, many of which are quite rare and remote, it is difficult to track and conserve all of them. The precise population numbers are not entirely known.