N S W E
Wildlife Expeditions

Wildlife of
Hawaii

A remote volcanic archipelago where extreme isolation forged one of Earth's richest concentrations of endemic birds, plants, and reef life.
66 Species
16,635 km² Land Area
Overview

About Hawaii

Hawaii's wildlife is shaped by its remoteness, volcano-made land, and long isolation. These conditions produced many species found nowhere else (high endemism), like honeycreepers, seabirds, rare silverswords, and lava-adapted invertebrates. With no native land mammals and little competition, many species are unique but very vulnerable. Key habitats include coral reefs and nearshore waters, rugged sea cliffs and sandy beaches, and steep rises from tropical lowlands to cool cloud forests and alpine stone deserts. Reefs and lava-rock shores hold sea turtles, Hawaiian monk seals, and bright reef fish; montane forests shelter the last strongholds of endemic birds and plants. High volcanic slopes—from Mauna Kea’s alpine zones to Kilauea’s changing flows—show new life on fresh lava. The close mix of new lava fields, old rainforests, and living reefs makes Hawaii a special, ever-changing place for wildlife.

Physical Features

Geography

Hawaii is an isolated volcanic archipelago in the central Pacific. Steep mountains, rain-shadow effects, and volcanic ages make sharp habitat changes in short distances, from windward rainforests to leeward dry forests, shrublands, montane cloud forests, alpine/subalpine zones, and coastal reefs, lagoons, and sea cliffs. Island isolation and elevation bands limit colonization, drive endemism, and create unique local communities.

16,635 km² Land Area
4th smallest (47th largest) U.S. state by land area Size Rank
United States Country
State Type
Elevation Range

Sea level to 4,207 m (Mauna Kea)

Coastline

Surrounded by the Pacific Ocean; extensive rocky shorelines and sea cliffs interspersed with sandy beaches, plus widespread fringing coral reefs, lagoons, and embayments that create diverse nearshore habitats.

Key Landscapes

Volcanic shield volcanoes and high mountains (e.g., Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Haleakalā) creating strong elevational habitat zonation Active and recent volcanic landscapes: lava flows, cinder cones, calderas, and geothermal areas that reset habitats and create early-successional niches Windward (wet) vs. leeward (dry) slopes: pronounced orographic rainfall gradients shaping rainforest, mesic forest, and dry forest/savanna-like communities Montane cloud forests and high-elevation shrublands/alpine deserts with cooler temperatures and specialized endemic biota Coastal strand, dunes, and sea cliffs supporting seabird nesting, coastal plant communities, and haul-out/resting areas for marine fauna Coral reefs, nearshore lagoons, and intertidal zones that underpin much of Hawaii's coastal biodiversity and food webs; connections to seabird and monk seal ecology via marine productivity patterns (currents/upwelling variability)
State Symbols

Official Wildlife Symbols

bird

Nene (Hawaiian goose)

Designated 1957

fish

Reef triggerfish

Designated 1985

insect

Kamehameha butterfly

Designated 2009

reptile

Green sea turtle

Designated 1988

marine

Humpback whale

Designated 1979

animal

Hawaiian monk seal

Designated 2008

wildflower

Yellow hibiscus

Designated 1988

tree

Candlenut tree

Designated 1959

Parks & Reserves

Protected Areas

Hawaii's protected areas run from coral reefs and coastal wetlands to montane cloud forests and alpine lava fields, and support high endemism. Protection comes from U.S. federal (parks, wildlife refuges, Papahanaumokuakea), Hawaii state lands, and private reserves. Many sites focus on recovering native forest birds, seabirds, Hawaiian monk seals and sea turtles, controlling invasive species, fire, and watersheds.

Protected Coverage

Approximately 25-30% of Hawaii's land area is under some form of protected or conservation management (with a far larger surrounding ocean area protected via the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands marine monument and other marine designations).

National Parks & Preserves

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

≈335,259 acres (NPS-reported area)

A U.S. National Park on the Island of Hawaii protecting active volcanoes, lava fields, rainforests, and coastal ecosystems that support many native and endemic Hawaiian species across a large elevation gradient.

Hawaiian goose (nene) Hawaiian petrel Hawaiian hawk Hawaiian hoary bat

Haleakala National Park

≈33,265 acres (NPS-reported area)

A U.S. National Park on Maui protecting high-elevation volcanic landscapes and native forests that provide habitat for endemic birds and other native wildlife; also important for some seabirds that nest in remote highlands.

Hawaiian goose (nene) Hawaiian petrel Iiwi Hawaiian hoary bat

State & Provincial Parks

Na Pali Coast State Wilderness Park (Kauai)

≈6,175 acres (≈25 km²)

A rugged, largely roadless coastal wilderness with sea cliffs, remote valleys, and offshore waters supporting seabird colonies and marine megafauna; notable for minimally disturbed habitat.

Wedge-tailed shearwater Red-footed booby Green sea turtle Hawaiian monk seal (occasional)

Kokee State Park (Kauai)

≈4,345 acres (≈17.6 km²)

High-elevation native forest and canyon-edge habitats that are among the best places to seek endangered and endemic Hawaiian forest birds (where remaining populations persist).

Apapane Iiwi Kauai amakihi Kauai elepaio

Haena State Park (Kauai)

≈230 acres (≈0.9 km²)

Protects a biologically rich coastal zone (dunes, reef flats, and nearshore waters) that supports sea turtles, seabirds, and native coastal plants; strong management emphasis on limiting overuse.

Green sea turtle Spinner dolphin (nearshore) Great frigatebird Pacific golden plover (seasonal)

Ahupua'a 'O Kahana State Park (Oahu)

≈5,300 acres (≈21 km²)

A rare, relatively intact traditional mountain-to-sea land division with streams, forest, and coastal habitats supporting native and migratory birds and estuarine/nearshore life.

Pacific golden plover (seasonal) Black-crowned night heron Green sea turtle (nearshore) Hawaiian hoary bat

Wildlife Refuges

Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (Hawaii Island)

about 32,733 acres (about 132 sq km)

High-elevation native wet forest managed to protect endangered Hawaiian forest birds (honeycreepers) through habitat restoration and predator control.

Akepa (Hawaii akepa) Akiapolaau Hawaii creeper Iiwi

Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge (Kauai)

about 203 acres (about 0.82 sq km)

Coastal cliff and seabird-nesting refuge with major seabird viewing opportunities; humpback whales can be seen offshore seasonally.

Hawaiian goose (nene) Red-footed booby Laysan albatross Humpback whale (seasonal offshore)

Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge (Kauai)

about 917 acres (about 3.71 sq km)

Managed wetlands and taro fields that provide key habitat for endangered Hawaiian waterbirds.

Hawaiian coot Hawaiian moorhen Hawaiian duck Hawaiian stilt

James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge (Oahu)

about 1,100 acres (about 4.45 sq km)

Large coastal wetland complex that supports endangered Hawaiian waterbirds and migratory shorebirds.

Hawaiian stilt Hawaiian coot Hawaiian duck Pacific golden plover (seasonal)

Wilderness Areas

  • Haleakala Wilderness (within Haleakala National Park) - high-elevation crater and native shrub/forest habitats
  • Hawaii Volcanoes Wilderness (within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park) - large roadless lava, coastal, and forest ecosystems
  • Na Pali Coast wilderness backcountry (within Na Pali Coast State Wilderness Park) - remote sea cliffs and seabird habitat
  • Alakai Wilderness Preserve (Kauai) - montane bogs and wet forest; core habitat for remaining native forest birds
Animals

Wildlife

Hawaii's remote volcanic islands make a special wildlife region with many unique land species, especially birds and insects, and rich marine life around coral reefs, deep ocean waters, and whale routes. Native land mammals are almost absent. Seabirds, forest birds, sea turtles, Hawaiian monk seals, and wintering humpback whales are key wildlife people see. Conservation problems— invasive predators, habitat loss, mosquito-spread avian malaria, and climate-driven reef stress—shape where species can live. The rarest endemics often live only in high mountain forests or tiny offshore islets.

~25-30 regularly occurring (overwhelmingly marine: whales/dolphins/seals; only 1 native terrestrial bat) Mammals
~300+ recorded including migrants; ~50-60 endemic species historically (many now extinct); ~40-50 endemic species still extant, with many threatened Birds
~5 native marine turtles in Hawaii waters (some mostly visitors); essentially no native terrestrial reptiles (most lizards/snakes are introduced) Reptiles
0 native; a few introduced frogs/toads present Amphibians
Approximately 600 reef and nearshore fish species occur in Hawaii waters (with high endemism); Hawaii has 5 native freshwater fish species (amphidromous stream gobies). Fish
Examples

Iconic Species

Humpback Whale
Humpback Whale Hawaiʻi is one of the most famous winter breeding and calving areas in the U.S.; whale-watching is a defining wildlife experience, especially around Maui Nui.
Hawaiian Monk Seal
Hawaiian Monk Seal A rare, beach-hauling endemic seal found only in the Hawaiian archipelago; seeing one resting on sand is a signature Hawaiʻi encounter.
Green Sea Turtle Commonly observed along reefs and resting on shore in some areas; culturally important and highly visible to snorkelers and beachgoers.
Hawaiian Goose
Hawaiian Goose Hawaii's state bird and a conservation success story; visitors often see it in uplands, lava fields, and some managed parks.
Iiwi A striking scarlet Hawaiian honeycreeper emblematic of native montane forest; increasingly restricted to cooler, higher elevations due to disease.
Spinner Dolphin Frequently encountered in nearshore waters; notable for acrobatic spinning leaps and regular use of sheltered bays.
Reef Manta Ray Iconic for snorkel/dive tourism (notably night viewing in some locations) and for predictable cleaning-station behavior on reefs.
Laysan Albatross One of the most characteristic seabirds of Hawaiʻi, nesting in huge numbers on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and in some main-island colonies.
Black-footed Albatross A major Hawaiian breeding seabird strongly associated with offshore waters and protected island nesting colonies.
Reef Triggerfish Hawaii's state fish; a highly recognizable reef species for snorkelers and a cultural icon.

Endemic & Rare Species

Hawaiian Monk Seal

Neomonachus schauinslandi

Endangered (IUCN/ESA); endemic with a large proportion of its global population in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

One of the rarest seals on Earth; Hawaiʻi holds the entire species, making local protections globally consequential.

Iiwi

Drepanis coccinea

Vulnerable (IUCN); declining due to avian malaria and habitat change

A flagship Hawaiian forest bird whose contraction to high elevations is a key indicator of disease pressure and climate-driven mosquito expansion.

Palila

Loxioides bailleui

Critically Endangered (IUCN); endemic to Hawaiʻi Island (Mamane-naio forests)

A highly specialized honeycreeper tied to dry subalpine forest; its tiny range makes it especially vulnerable to habitat degradation and drought.

Maui Parrotbill (Kiwikiu)

Pseudonestor xanthophrys

Critically Endangered (IUCN); endemic to Maui

One of the rarest honeycreepers, dependent on wet montane forest; its survival is central to preventing further Hawaiian forest-bird extinctions.

Hawaiian Petrel

Pterodroma sandwichensis

Endangered (IUCN/ESA)

A nocturnal burrow-nesting seabird threatened by introduced predators and light attraction; a key species for island-scale predator control and dark-sky measures.

Hawaiian Goose

Branta sandvicensis

Near Threatened (IUCN); protected and recovering after severe historical decline

An endemic goose with a strong conservation story; continued management counters threats from predators and habitat change.

Hawaiian Hoary Bat

Lasiurus semotus

Endangered (ESA); Hawaii's only native terrestrial mammal

A forest-and-edge insectivore; conservation focus includes habitat protection and reducing collision risk (for example, wind-energy impacts).

Hawksbill Sea Turtle

Eretmochelys imbricata

Critically Endangered (IUCN); rare in Hawaiʻi

Uncommon but important in Hawaiʻi's reefs; sightings are notable because the species is globally imperiled and locally scarce.

Kamehameha Butterfly

Vanessa tameamea

Endemic; locally uncommon in places and sensitive to habitat quality

One of Hawaiʻi's best-known native insects; closely tied to native forest plants and a charismatic symbol of terrestrial endemism.

Hawaiian Crow

Corvus hawaiiensis

Critically Endangered; extinct in the wild historically with ongoing reintroduction efforts

A culturally significant endemic corvid; restoration attempts on Hawaii Island represent one of the most high-profile native bird recovery programs in the U.S.

Notable Populations

  • One of the most important U.S. winter breeding/calving grounds for North Pacific humpback whales (especially around Maui Nui, including the Auau Channel).
  • The entire global population of Hawaiian monk seals occurs in the Hawaiian archipelago, with strongholds in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and increasing use of the main islands.
  • Globally significant seabird colonies (including Laysan and black-footed albatrosses) on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands-among the largest albatross breeding aggregations on Earth.
  • Major green sea turtle nesting concentrations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (notably French Frigate Shoals), crucial for the Central North Pacific population.
  • Exceptionally high marine endemism: a large fraction of Hawaii's nearshore reef fishes and many invertebrates are found nowhere else, making the reefs globally distinctive.

Recent Changes

  • Hawaiian crow reintroduction efforts have been ongoing on Hawaii Island after the species disappeared from the wild; progress has been challenging due to low survival and ongoing threats.
  • Many Hawaiian honeycreepers have continued to decline as mosquitoes and avian malaria expand upslope with warming temperatures; some species are now largely confined to the highest-elevation refuges.
  • Hawaiian monk seals show signs of gradual recovery in parts of the range, alongside increasing main-island sightings; pup survival and human-wildlife conflict risks remain concerns.
  • North Pacific humpback whales rebounded strongly after whaling bans, though Hawaiʻi counts showed a notable downturn in the mid-2010s followed by mixed signals-highlighting sensitivity to ocean conditions.
  • Repeated marine heatwaves have driven coral bleaching events in Hawaii (notably mid-2010s and later episodes), affecting reef habitat quality and the wildlife communities dependent on it.
  • Introduced species continue to reshape ecosystems (e.g., expansion and impacts of invasive frogs in some areas, and ongoing effects of introduced ungulates and predators on native forests and ground-nesting birds).
Visit

Wildlife Viewing

Hawaii has unique wildlife from island isolation, active volcanoes, and wide elevation ranges—from coral reefs to cloud forests and lava deserts. See humpback whales, dolphins, sea turtles, manta rays, big seabird colonies, and rare native forest birds (often best with guides). Best at dawn or dusk; stay a respectful distance. Many are protected by strict laws.

Best Seasons

Winter (Dec-Mar)

Peak humpback whale season (especially around Maui, Lanai, and Molokai), with frequent breaching and mother/calf pairs; excellent shoreline whale viewing from lookouts. Winter surf can limit some boat/snorkel days, but pelagic seabird watching can be strong. Cooler temperatures make higher-elevation hikes more comfortable.

Spring (Apr-May)

Whales taper off by late spring; seas often calm, improving snorkeling/boat reliability. Seabird activity remains high at many colonies; good time for mixed marine wildlife (turtles, reef fish) with fewer crowds than winter. Forest birding can be productive before summer heat.

Summer (Jun-Aug)

Consistently calm ocean conditions for snorkeling, diving, and manta ray nights (Hawaii Island). Great for reef life, sea turtle viewing, and spinner dolphin spotting (observe legally from shore/boats-no approach/harassment). Many seabirds are nesting or rearing chicks at refuges; early mornings are best.

Fall (Sep-Nov)

Often excellent water clarity and warm ocean temps; strong season for snorkeling and shore-based turtle viewing. Seabird fledglings/juveniles may be seen around coastal areas (lights-out programs help prevent fallout). Late fall begins the transition toward winter whale arrivals.

Top Wildlife Experiences

  • Humpback whale watching (boat or shore) around Maui, Lanai, and Molokai-Lahaina/Ka'anapali and Maalaea Bay (Maui), or from Molokai's south shore; also great from Oahu's Makapuu Lighthouse Trail lookout in peak season.
  • Manta ray night snorkel/dive off the Kona Coast (Hawaii Island)-a signature, responsibly managed experience with high encounter rates.
  • Green sea turtle viewing and reef snorkeling at Punaluu Black Sand Beach (Hawaii Island) or Laniakea (Oahu) from designated viewing areas; pair with nearby reef snorkel spots where conditions allow.
  • Seabird and coastal wildlife at Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge (Kauai)-spectacular cliffside viewing for red-footed boobies, frigatebirds, and seasonal migrants (check access/timed entry).
  • Endemic forest birding in high-elevation native forest: Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (Hawaii Island; typically guide-only access) for rare honeycreepers, or the high forests of Haleakala National Park (Maui) for Hawaiian geese and native birds.
  • Monk seal-aware beach watching on Kauai or Oahu when seals haul out (view from the posted perimeter; do not approach). Many sightings are opportunistic-plan flexible beach time and follow volunteer/DOCARE instructions.
  • Dolphin and pelagic wildlife cruise off Kona or Maui-look for spinner dolphins (observe legally), pilot whales, and open-ocean seabirds; choose operators that prioritize distance and limit chase behavior.
  • High-elevation ecosystem day: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Hawaii Island) for Hawaiian geese and unique lava landscapes; combine with a guided night walk to reduce disturbance and improve wildlife spotting.

Wildlife Watching Types

Whale watching (humpback season in winter; shore lookouts and boat trips) Dolphin watching (primarily spinner dolphins; observe with legal distance and no in-water approach) Sea turtle viewing (shore-based and snorkel encounters in permitted areas) Manta ray night snorkeling/diving (Kona Coast) Reef snorkeling and scuba diving (coral reef fish, eels, octopus, rays) Seabird colony viewing (cliff and coastal refuges; pelagic birding by boat) Endemic forest birding (native honeycreepers and Hawaiian goose; often best with local guides) Monk seal viewing (opportunistic haul-outs; strict distance/closures) Intertidal/tidepooling (where allowed; observe-only, no collecting) Night wildlife experiences (manta rays; occasional guided night walks for safer viewing)

Guided Options

  • Licensed humpback whale-watching operators (Maui, Oahu, Hawaii Island)-choose tours emphasizing naturalist narration, slow approaches, and adherence to NOAA approach-distance rules (at least 100 yards / 300 feet from humpback whales).
  • Kona manta ray night snorkel/dive operators (Hawaii Island)-look for briefings on animal behavior, in-water positioning rules, and group-size management.
  • Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge guided access (Hawaii Island)-typically via permitted tours or special access programs; ideal for seeing rare native forest birds with minimal habitat impact.
  • State/NGO marine wildlife stewardship programs and beach monitoring (e.g., monk seal and sea turtle volunteer networks often provide on-site viewing guidance at haul-out/nesting areas).
  • Kilauea Point NWR programs (Kauai)-refuge-led interpretation and seasonal education; check for timed entry, closures, and guided talks.
  • Hawaii Volcanoes National Park ranger programs (Hawaii Island)-interpretive walks/talks that may include Hawaiian goose habitat areas and night-sky or geology programs paired with wildlife-friendly practices.
  • Pelagic birding and wildlife cruises from Kona/Maui (seasonal)-best with operators that avoid baiting, limit crowding, and prioritize seabird identification/education.
  • Certified local birding guides on Maui/Kauai/Oahu-particularly valuable for endemic forest birds and navigating access rules, weather windows, and biosecurity practices (boot cleaning, avoiding sensitive nesting areas).
Habitats

Ecosystems

Hawaii’s isolation, steep rain gradients (wet windward, dry leeward), active volcanoes, and elevation from sea level to alpine on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa produce many species found nowhere else. Ecosystems include wet, cloud and dry forests, shrublands, lava fields, freshwater streams with amphidromous fauna, and coral reef and pelagic marine systems. Lowlands are heavily altered; high elevations remain native.

Biomes

Tropical Rainforest

Windward lowland and montane wet forests and cloud forests driven by orographic rainfall; often dominated by native Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa, with lush understories and epiphytes in wetter zones.

Common on windward (northeast-facing) slopes and valleys across the main islands; largest contiguous areas remain on Kauai, Hawaii Island (Hilo side), and parts of Maui and Oahu at higher rainfall belts.

Tropical Dry Forest

Leeward seasonal forests and woodlands on dry slopes once held many native trees (Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis). Now they are very reduced and broken up by grazing, fire, and invasive plants.

Patchy remnants on leeward Hawaii Island, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu; mostly small, managed preserves and restoration areas.

Savanna

Savanna-like dry grasslands/woodlands and open landscapes created or maintained by drought, wind exposure, and frequent fire; often dominated today by non-native grasses with scattered trees or shrubs.

Localized in lowland to mid-elevation leeward zones on multiple islands; extent expanded from historical conditions in many places due to invasive grasses and fire.

Hot Desert

Very arid coastal and lowland rain-shadow areas with sparse vegetation on young lava, cinder, and dry substrates; includes dry coastal plains and highly xeric lava fields rather than classic continental deserts.

Limited and discontinuous; most notable in strong rain shadows and on barren lava flows (e.g., parts of leeward Hawaiʻi Island) and exposed dry islands/peninsulas.

Alpine

High-elevation alpine and subalpine zones on the tallest volcanoes with cold nights, strong winds, intense UV, and sparse vegetation; includes alpine stone desert, cinder cones, and specialized shrublands with unique endemics (e.g., silversword alliance).

Restricted to upper elevations of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa (and Haleakala subalpine/alpine on Maui); a very small fraction of total land area.

Freshwater

Short, steep streams; waterfalls; groundwater-fed pools; and coastal anchialine systems supporting amphidromous native fishes and invertebrates; true natural lakes are rare.

Statewide but spatially constrained by small watershed sizes; densest perennial stream networks occur on wetter windward islands/slopes (notably Kauaʻi and windward Hawaiʻi/Maui).

Wetland

Coastal plain wetlands, marshes, and montane bogs; important for endangered Hawaiian waterbirds and rare plant communities, with many sites altered by drainage and invasives.

Scattered; notable complexes on Oahu and Kauai coastal plains, and high-elevation bogs in wet montane areas (e.g., Kauai and Maui).

Marine

Coral reef ecosystems, nearshore rocky and sandy habitats, pelagic waters supporting seabirds and large migratory fauna, and deep-sea slopes/trenches with seamount biodiversity; includes the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands' largely intact reef systems.

Surrounds all islands; nearshore reefs vary by wave exposure and water clarity; extensive and relatively pristine across the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

Habitats

Rainforest

Windward wet forests and cloud forests (for example, Hana and East Maui slopes; windward Kauai; Hilo side of Hawaii Island) with high native plant endemism.

Forest

Native Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa forests across elevational bands, including mesic forests and montane cloud forests; also mixed native-non-native forest mosaics near developed areas.

Woodland

Leeward dry woodlands and open-canopy forests, often fragmented; key restoration targets for rare trees and birds in remaining preserves.

Shrubland

Dry coastal and leeward shrublands, and subalpine shrublands on volcanic slopes; includes native-dominated pockets and widespread invasive-dominated areas.

Grassland

Lowland and upland grasslands, frequently non-native and fire-prone; important driver of altered disturbance regimes in leeward landscapes.

Mountain

Volcanic mountains with strong climate zonation (wet windward ridges to arid leeward slopes), including steep valleys and high-elevation lava/cinder terrain.

Alpine Meadow

Localized subalpine/alpine vegetation patches among cinder and lava (notably on Mauna Kea/Mauna Loa and Haleakalā), including rare endemic plant assemblages.

Cliff/Rocky Outcrop

Sea cliffs and steep valley walls (e.g., Nā Pali Coast, Kalaupapa sea cliffs) providing seabird nesting habitat and refugia for cliff-dwelling plants.

River/Stream

Short, flashy streams with waterfalls and amphidromous life cycles (native gobies/ʻopae), especially on windward islands; many streams are intermittent in leeward areas.

Pond

Traditional Hawaiian coastal fishponds, natural and managed wetlands, and small reservoirs; important habitat for waterbirds and culturally significant resource management.

Wetland

Coastal plain wetlands and inland wet areas supporting endangered Hawaiian stilt, coot, moorhen, and duck; many sites require active management for invasives and water control.

Marsh

Lowland marshes and managed wildlife refuges (e.g., on Oʻahu and Kauaʻi) with emergent vegetation and open-water cells for waterbirds.

Bog

Montane bogs in very wet uplands (especially on Kauaʻi and Maui), with acidic, waterlogged soils and highly specialized native plants.

Estuary

Small estuaries at stream mouths, often wave-influenced and intermittently open/closed; important for nutrient exchange and juvenile habitat in sheltered settings.

Coastal

Nearshore coastal plains, dune remnants, lava benches, and sheltered bays; highly variable by island age, exposure, and development intensity.

Beach

Sandy beaches (white, green, and black sands depending on geology) used by nesting/haul-out wildlife (e.g., Hawaiian monk seals, green sea turtles) and heavily used recreationally.

Rocky Shore

Basaltic lava shorelines, tidepools, and wave-battered coasts with high energy; critical intertidal habitat and common where reefs are limited by surf.

Coral Reef

Fringing and patch reefs with strong gradients in wave exposure and water clarity; especially extensive and intact across the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

Open Ocean

Pelagic waters supporting tuna, sharks, cetaceans, seabirds, and plankton-driven food webs; a major component of Hawaii's overall ecosystem area.

Deep Sea

Deep slopes, seamounts, and trench-influenced habitats with cold-water corals and diverse benthic communities beyond the reef shelf.

Seabed/Benthic

Sandy and rocky substrates on island shelves transitioning to steep volcanic slopes; supports benthic invertebrates, reef-associated fish, and deeper assemblages.

Urban

Dense built environments (notably Honolulu) with highly modified coastal plains, engineered shorelines, and urban watershed impacts.

Suburban

Expanding residential areas on coastal and lower-elevation slopes; interfaces with fire-prone grasslands and fragmented lowland habitats.

Agricultural/Farmland

Mixed agriculture including diversified crops, pasture, and former plantation lands; important driver of lowland habitat conversion and water use.

Plantation

Large-scale historical and some ongoing plantation landscapes (e.g., sugarcane and pineapple legacy) with extensive land-cover change and invasive species pathways.

Ecoregions

WWF: Hawaiian tropical moist forests WWF: Hawaiian tropical dry forests WWF: Hawaiian tropical high shrublands WWF: Hawaiian tropical low shrublands EPA Level III: Hawaiian Islands MEOW (Marine Ecoregions of the World): Hawaii (Hawaiian Province, Tropical Indo-Pacific Realm) MEOW: Northwest Hawaiian Islands
Protection

Conservation

Primary Threats

  • Introduced rats, cats, and mongooses eat ground- and burrow-nesting seabirds and native forest birds. Feral pigs, goats, and deer damage watersheds, creating wallows that breed mosquitoes. Invasive plants (strawberry guava, miconia, fountain grass) replace native forests and raise fire risk. Mosquitoes spread avian malaria and pox, forcing native birds to high elevations.
  • Avian malaria and avian pox (vectored by non-native mosquitoes) are existential threats to native forest birds, especially honeycreepers; outbreaks intensify when mosquitoes expand into higher elevations. Marine disease and poor body condition issues also occur in threatened marine mammals, and coral disease risk increases with warming and stress events.
  • Warming lets mosquitoes move upslope, shrinking disease-free refuges for native birds. Changed rain and cloud patterns harm montane wet forests and groundwater. Sea-level rise and bigger storms wash away monk seal and green sea turtle beaches and flood coastal wetlands. Marine heatwaves cause coral bleaching and weaken reefs.
  • Native lowland ecosystems have been extensively converted historically, and remaining habitat is fragmented-especially lowland dry forest, coastal strand, and wetlands. Ongoing pressures include development in coastal zones and valley bottoms, and degradation of native forests from ungulates and invasive plants even where the land cover appears intact.
  • Altered fire regimes (often tied to invasive grasses), water diversions, and historical plantation-era landscape changes modify stream flow, riparian habitat, and nearshore water quality. Ungulate-driven soil disturbance accelerates erosion and changes forest structure, undermining watershed function that is central to Hawaii's freshwater supply and nearshore reef health.
  • Land-based sources of pollution (sediment, nutrients, pesticides) from disturbed watersheds, roads, and some agricultural areas reduce nearshore water clarity and stress coral reefs. Marine debris and lost fishing gear entangle wildlife (e.g., monk seals, sea turtles) and contributes to microplastics in coastal food webs.
  • Localized depletion of reef fish and invertebrates reduces reef resilience and alters food webs; extraction pressure can be intense near population centers and accessible shorelines. Shifts in herbivore populations can indirectly affect algal growth and coral recovery following bleaching events.
  • Recreation and coastal use can disturb seabird colonies, Hawaiian monk seals hauled out on beaches, and nesting green sea turtles; vessel traffic increases disturbance and entanglement risk. Hiking and off-trail use can spread invasive plant seeds and degrade sensitive alpine and montane habitats.
  • Roads and utility corridors fragment habitat and increase access for invasive species; lights from coastal development disorient fledgling seabirds (fallout) leading to collisions or grounding. Fences are critical for ungulate control but require substantial ongoing maintenance in rugged terrain.
  • Concentrated development along coasts and lowlands competes with wetland and dune habitat, increases stormwater runoff, and intensifies human-wildlife interactions (e.g., monk seals on popular beaches, seabird fallout near lit areas). Housing expansion can pressure remaining lowland native habitat patches.
  • While plantation agriculture has declined, some diversified agriculture and pasture can contribute to invasive species spread, altered hydrology, and sediment/nutrient runoff where best management practices are not implemented; grazing lands can also serve as reservoirs for invasive grasses and feral ungulates.
  • Conflicts include interactions with monk seals and sea turtles on busy beaches, predation by free-ranging cats and dogs near wildlife areas, and occasional conflicts around fisheries regulations and depredation concerns. Seabird fallout rescues also intersect with urban lighting and community compliance.
  • Many native species persist as tiny, isolated populations on single islands or single mountain ranges, making them vulnerable to inbreeding, reduced adaptive capacity, and demographic stochasticity. Genetic bottlenecks are a concern for several critically endangered forest birds and some island-restricted invertebrates.
Fun Facts

Did You Know?

Hawaii has no native snakes, no native amphibians, and (remarkably) no native ants-every ant species in the islands today arrived with humans and commerce.

Hawaii's only native terrestrial mammal is a bat: the Hawaiian hoary bat. All other land mammals (from pigs to mongooses to rats) were introduced by people.

Some of the only known truly carnivorous caterpillars on Earth are Hawaiian: several Eupithecia "inchworm" species ambush and eat insects with lightning-fast strikes from twig-like perches.

The "happy-face spider" (Theridion grallator) is endemic to Hawaiʻi and can have a bright, smiley-face pattern on its abdomen-an eye-catching example of how isolated islands can produce wildly novel forms.

Midway Atoll (Hawaii) hosts the world's largest breeding colony of Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis)-about 1.5 million birds return there to nest each year.

The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands support one of the planet's largest seabird assemblages: millions of nesting seabirds across multiple species (albatrosses, petrels, shearwaters, terns), concentrated on a small chain of remote atolls and islets.

French Frigate Shoals (within the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument) is the largest green sea turtle nesting site in the United States and among the largest rookeries in the Pacific.

Hawaii consistently ranks as the U.S. state with the most federally listed threatened and endangered species-and one of the highest concentrations per unit area-driven largely by its exceptional island endemism and habitat loss.

Despite its small size Hawaii is one of the four most ecologically diverse US states, the others being California, Texas, and Alabama. It is estimated that over 21,000 species have been recorded in the Hawaii rainforest, surrounding ocean, and other locations.

Some of the most notable animals in Hawaii are manta rays, chameleons, dolphins, geckos, whales, and tiger sharks.

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The Official State Animals of Hawaii

Hawaii is known for its unique culture and beautiful landscapes, but did you know that it also has official state animals? From the beautiful and graceful Hawaiian monk seal to the majestic and powerful nēnē, Hawaii’s state animals represent the natural beauty and diversity of the islands.

In this section, we’ll explore the fascinating history and characteristics of Hawaii’s state animals, and learn why they are so important to the people and the land of Hawaii.

As such an environmental hot spot it shouldn’t be surprising that Hawaii has many state animals.

The Official state bird of Hawaii: Nene

The Nene (Branta sandvicensis) is also known as the Hawaiian Goose. Though it is believed to be evolved from the Canadian Goose, the Nene is a different species and is exclusively found on the islands of Hawai’i, Kaua’i, Molokai, Maui, and Oahu. It features a black head, a white and black striped neck, and an alternating brown and white feather pattern.

The official state bird of Hawaii is the nēnē, also known as the Hawaiian goose. This unique bird is not only a symbol of the state’s natural beauty and diversity but also a testament to the power of conservation and preservation efforts.

The animal’s official IUCN status is vulnerable.

Nene (Hawaiian goose) Standing in the grass

©Agami Photo Agency/Shutterstock.com

The Official fish of Hawaii: Humuhumunukunukuapua`a

The official fish of Hawaii is the Humuhumunukunukuapua`a (Rhinecanthus rectangulus), otherwise known as the Hawaiian triggerfish or reef triggerfish. a name that’s almost as distinctive as the fish itself. This colorful and unique fish is not only a symbol of the state’s ocean ecosystem, but also a beloved cultural icon that has inspired music, art, and even the state’s license plates.

This colorful fish has blue lips, a diagonal black marking down the side, and streaks of yellow along its back. They can grow to be about 12 inches in length and can be rather aggressive. There have even been reports of the fish biting nearby swimmers. After briefly lapsing as the state’s official fish in 1990 it was permanently reinstated in 2006 by the governor.

The Humuhumunukunukuapua'a on a white background

©Melissa Brandes/Shutterstock.com

The Official mammal of Hawaii: The Hawaiian Monk Seal

The Hawaiian Monk Seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi) is the official mammal of Hawaii, sort of. It is technically one of two official mammals but the other is specifically a marine mammal. Its native name is ʻIlio-holo-i-ka-uaua which translates to “dog that runs in rough water”. Hawaiian Monk Seals are endangered and native to the Hawaiian island region. They are the only native seal found in the area.

The Hawaiian monk seal is a critically endangered marine mammal that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. With an estimated population of just over 1,100 individuals, the Hawaiian monk seal is one of the rarest marine mammals in the world.

These seals are known for their distinctive appearance, with a sleek, black, or dark brown coat and large, soulful eyes. They are also known for their docile and curious nature, which has made them a popular subject for photographers and marine wildlife enthusiasts.

Hawaiian Monk Seal sleeping on the sand by coral

©Evan Austen/Shutterstock.com

The Official aquatic mammal of Hawaii: Humpback Whale

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is officially recognized as the official aquatic mammal of Hawaii, but it is also often considered the official overall state animal. Given the island’s deep connection with the ocean and related species, it is easy to see why.

The humpback whale has high cultural significance and is featured on many Hawaiian emblems including the trade dollar. The whale is believed to be one of the animals that aumakua or family ancestors could take shape of and appear in visions or dreams to provide guidance.

Humpback whale and baby whale swimming together

Humpback whale and baby whale swimming together

©iStock.com/inusuke

Where to Find The Top Wild Animals in Hawaii

To find many of the most popular wild animals in Hawaii you’ll want to take an official wildlife tour. If you take an ocean-based tour you may see monk seals, humpback whales, manta rays, sharks, and dolphins.

If you don your snorkel gear and stick to the shallow waters and coral surrounding the island you may see giant sea turtles as well as beautiful coral reefs.

If you stick to land or to the Hawaiian rainforest you may glimpse chameleons and the hoary bat (the only native land mammal to Hawaii), mongoose, and the nene.

Recommended locations for wildlife sightings include:

The Most Dangerous Animals In Hawaii Today

Hawaii is generally free from dangerous wildlife and poisonous creatures, making it an ideal eco-tourist destination. However, there are still a few animals you’ll want to avoid when traveling there.

While there are technically no snakes in Hawaii, there are some sea snakes like the Yellow-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis platurus). There are also sharks in the coastal waters around the islands, such as tiger sharks and great white sharks. While the likelihood of an attack from a shark is extremely low it could easily be fatal. Keep in mind that there have been a grand total of 11 recorded shark fatalities in Hawaii since 1828, almost all around Maui.

There are also Conus (Conidae), a cone snail with a toxin that can be deadly to humans. The creature feeds on small fish and marine worms. And lastly, Black Widow (Latrodectus Mactans) spiders can be found on the island as well, though they are hardly ever fatal.

Endangered Animals in Hawaii

Sea turtle attacked by tiger shark

Sea turtles are one species that is endangered in Hawaii.

©Achimdiver/Shutterstock.com

Hawaiian endangered animals include:

  • Nene goose – The official state bird of Hawaii
  • Oahu Tree snails – A colorful snail with as few as 100 known subspecies in existence. Frequently threatened by chameleons as predators.
  • Hawaiian Monk Seals – The only native seal to Hawaii
  • Hawaiian Hoary Bat – One of only two native mammals in Hawaii
  • Sea Turtle – Highly sensitive to pollution and habitat destruction. Getting close can result in major fines.
  • Crested Honeycreeper – Large birds found in Maui. It is estimated that only 3,800 remain today.
  • Hawaiian Moorhen – A dark charcoal-colored bird with a distinctive bright red beak
  • Hawaiian Hawk – A solitary raptor currently believed to only breed on the big island

The Largest Animals Found in Hawaii

©Imagine Earth Photography/Shutterstock.com

Hawaii is known for its breathtaking natural beauty and unique ecosystem, home to a variety of flora and fauna found nowhere else in the world. Among the many fascinating creatures that inhabit the islands, some of the most impressive is the largest animals found in Hawaii.

From giant whales to enormous sea turtles, these creatures inspire awe and wonder in visitors and locals alike. Let’s take a closer look at the largest animals found in Hawaii, exploring their characteristics, behaviors, and habitats, and learning what makes them so special.

Here are large animals found in Hawaii:

  • Humpback whales
  • Green sea turtles
  • Spinner dolphins
  • Manta rays
  • False killer whales
  • Tiger sharks
  • Hawaiian monk seals

Rarest Animals in Hawaii

Hawaii is known for its beautiful beaches, lush rainforests, and unique wildlife. However, many of the animal species native to Hawaii are now endangered or threatened due to habitat loss, invasive species, and other human activities.

Let’s explore some of the rarest animals in Hawaii:

  • Hawaiian Monk Seal: The Hawaiian monk seal is a critically endangered species of seal that’s found only in Hawaii. The population of these seals has been declining for decades due to hunting, disease, and habitat loss. Today, there are estimated to be fewer than 1,400 Hawaiian monk seals left in the wild.
  • Hawaiian Hoary Bat: The Hawaiian hoary bat is a unique species of bat that’s found only in Hawaii. It’s the only land mammal native to Hawaii and is listed as an endangered species due to habitat loss and the effects of pesticides on its prey. The Hawaiian hoary bat is one of the rarest bat species in the world, with an estimated population of fewer than 1,000 individuals.
  • Nene Goose: The nene goose, also known as the Hawaiian goose, is the state bird of Hawaii and is an endangered species. The population of these geese was once reduced to just 30 individuals, but conservation efforts have helped to increase the population to around 3,000 individuals. Habitat loss, hunting, and predation by non-native species continue to threaten the nene goose’s survival.
  • Hawaiian Crow: The Hawaiian crow, also known as the alala, is a critically endangered species of crow that’s found only in Hawaii. The population of these crows has declined drastically due to habitat loss, disease, and predation by non-native species. Today, there are believed to be fewer than 200 Hawaiian crows left in the wild.
  • Hawaiian Happy-Face Spider: The Hawaiian happy-face spider is a unique and colorful species of spider that’s found only in Hawaii. It’s one of the rarest spiders in the world and is listed as a vulnerable species due to habitat loss and the effects of climate change. The happy-face spider gets its name from the distinct smiley-face pattern on its abdomen.

In conclusion, Hawaii is home to a diverse range of animal species, but many are now endangered or threatened due to human activities.

Snakes in Hawaii

There are no native snakes found in Hawaii. Because the Hawaiian ecosystem consists of species that have adapted to environments free of snakes, their taking hold on the island could be catastrophic to local wildlife. There are one snake species that is widespread in Hawaii, but it’s a harmless snake named the Brahminy blind snake that is only six inches and preys on insects like ants.

Invasive species like boa constrictors, garter snakes, and ball pythons have all been found in Hawaii in limited numbers. Also, be aware that yellow-bellied sea snakes could be found in the waters around the islands, but there is no record of anyone being attacked by one in the state.

There are two species of ticks found in Hawaii; the brown dog tick and the spinose ear tick.

Native Plants and Climate of Hawaii

You can’t imagine Hawaii without envisioning thick, verdant plant life accented with brilliantly colored flowers. There are different types of plants and trees that grow in this western state. Some of these native plants include pua kala, kou, hinahina, and blue morning glory.

Hawaii is in the tropics and is well-known for its year-round, mostly warm climate. The state only really has two seasons — summer (May-October) and winter (October-April). The average temperatures by month are the following:

Month Average High (°F) Average Low (°F)
January 79.2 65.9
February 79.3 66.3
March 80.0 67.2
April 81.1 68.3
May 82.5 69.7
June 84.1 71.5
July 85.5 72.6
August 85.9 73.0
September 85.0 72.4
October 83.4 71.3
November 81.4 69.6
December 79.6 67.4

Despite the warm temperatures seen here, believe it or not, Hawaii has recorded a temperature as low as 8°F before!

The Flag of Hawaii

Flag of Hawaii waving

The flag of Hawaii, also known as the “Ka Hae Hawaiʻi” in Hawaiian, features a distinctive design that reflects the history and culture of the Hawaiian Islands.

©iStock.com/Andrea Izzotti

The flag of Hawaii, also known as the “Ka Hae Hawaiʻi” in Hawaiian, features a distinctive design that reflects the history and culture of the Hawaiian Islands. The flag consists of eight stripes of white, red, and blue, representing the eight main islands of Hawaii, with the Union Jack of the United Kingdom in the upper left corner, a nod to the period of British influence in Hawaii in the 19th century.

The center of the flag features the Hawaiian royal coat of arms, which includes a shield with a cross and eight alternating triangles in white, representing the eight islands, and red, representing the blood of warriors.

The current design of the Hawaiian flag was first created in 1816 by King Kamehameha I, who sought to unify the islands under a single banner. At the time, the flag featured only the Union Jack in the corner and a red and white stripe pattern.

The flag of Hawaii has eight horizontal stripes which represent the eight main islands. The red stripes signify the Hawaiian gods, the white stripes indicate truth and the blue stripes symbolize the surrounding ocean. An alternative theory is that the red, white, and blue are a representation of Hawaii’s history with Britain, America, and France. Hawaii is the only U.S. state to include the flag of another country in its flag.

Endangered Animals in Hawaii

Hawaii is home to over 483 endangered species. From the Anthricinan Yellow-Faced Bee to the Pacific Hawaiian Damselfly, there are tons of unique and beautiful animals whose populations are rapidly declining. Most of these animals are endangered due to human interference. These interferences include habitat destruction caused by development and urbanization along coastal areas where they live.

Read about:

  • best swimming spots in Hawaii: lakes, rivers, and more
  • extinct animals that lived in Hawaii.
  • amazing waterfalls in Oahu, Hawaii.
  • the best national parks in Hawaii.
  • the best bird-watching spots in Hawaii.
  • the best dog parks in Honolulu, Hawaii.
  • the best waterfalls in Maui, Hawaii.
  • the top waterfalls in Hawaii.
  • incredible waterfalls in Kauai, Hawaii.
  • the beaches with the most shark attacks in Maui, Hawaii.
  • the longest biking trail in Hawaii.
  • Native Plants in Hawaii

Animals Found in Hawaii

66 species documented in our encyclopedia

Admiral Butterfly Apple Moth Australian Cockroach Banana Spider Barramundi Fish Brahminy Blindsnake Bullfrog Cane Spider Cardinals Clock Spider Corn Earworm Cosmic Caterpillar Dragon Eel Gadwall Galapagos Shark Giant African Land Snail Giant Clam Giant Trevally Great Hammerhead Shark Green Anole Green Sunfish Grey Reef Shark Guppy Hawaiian Crow Hawaiian Goose (Nene) Hawaiian Monk Seal Honey Bee House Finch Humpback Whale Jackson’s Chameleon Kamehameha Butterfly Kaua'i ‘Ō‘ō Mallard Marine Toad Masked Angelfish Milkfish Mockingbird Molly Monarch Butterfly Mourning Dove Mourning Gecko Muscovy Duck Northern Bobwhite Northern Cardinal Oscar Fish Pacific Spaghetti Eel Painted Turtle Peacock Red Drum Fish Red Finch Red-winged blackbird Redear Sunfish Short-Eared Owl Sixgill shark Snowflake Eel Song Sparrow Tiger Shark Tokay Gecko Turkey Uguisu Viper Shark (dogfish) White Butterfly White-tail deer Wild Boar Yellow Crazy Ant Yellow Tang

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